铅芯夹层橡胶隔震垫基本力学性能研究

本文详细地研究了中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震垫的基本力学性能。基本力学性能主要包括隔震垫的竖向、水平特性及极限承载能力。竖向性能方面研究了隔震垫的竖向刚度及变形特性;水平性能的研究包括水平有效刚度和阻尼特性;极限承载能力研究包括隔震垫的压缩破坏、拉伸破坏及水平剪切破坏性能。试验研究结果与中国《夹层橡胶垫隔震技术规程》(草案)(1998年)及日本隔震构造协会(1996年)颁布的标准进行比较,结果表明:中国生产的铅芯夹层橡胶隔震垫的基本力学性能完全符合中国和日本隔震协会所颁布的标准。     

Metal concentrations in a shallow groundwater aquifer underneath petrochemical complex

Duplicate groundwater samples were collected from 104 monitoring wells (piezometers) from shallow aquifers underneath an industrial city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, SO₄, alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved salts, and pH were determined in these samples. Analysis of variance showed significantly (p < 0.05) wide variations in the concentrations of the above parameters. The contour maps of metal concentrations indicated that these variations were related to important landmarks in the study area. The results of correlation analyses suggest that geographical as well as chemical factors may influence metal distribution in the groundwater samples. To investigate the geographical effects, the analytical data were normalized (element/Cl ratios were calculated) for chemical variability. As expected, contour mapping of the ratio data of element/Cl of Na, Ca, Mg, K, SO₄, alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved salts, and Sr vary in a relatively small range and did not show a particular geographical trend. The groundwater sample from the industrial-dust area contained higher ratios between concentrations of Cl and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn. These observations clearly suggest an extraneous contamination source, probably industrial dust, in the area. Another geographical area where metal (As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Ti,and V)/Cl ratios were found to be large was in the vicinity of an oil-refinery. Groundwater samples collected from the vicinity of a fertilizer plant and green-belt area contained relatively higher ratios of Al, Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni. The results of this study suggest that leachate from the industrial dust, leakage from the oil refinery and fertilizer plant, and drainage of irrigation water are some of the important pollution sources in the industrial city.     

Mobility of Pb in salt marshes recorded by total content and stable isotopic signature

Total lead and its stable isotopes were analysed in sediment cores, leaves, stem and roots of Sacorconia fruticosa and Spartina maritima sampled from Tagus (contaminated site) and Guadiana (low anthropogenic pressure) salt marshes. Lead concentration in vegetated sediments from the Tagus marsh largely exceeded the levels in non-vegetated sediments. Depth profiles of (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(208)Pb showed a decrease towards the surface ((206)Pb/(207)Pb=1.160-1.167) as a result of a higher proportion of pollutant Pb components. In contrast, sediments from Guadiana marsh exhibited low Pb concentrations and an uniform isotopic signature ((206)Pb/(207)Pb=1.172+/-0.003) with depth. This suggests a homogeneous mixing of mine-derived particles and pre-industrial sediments with minor inputs of anthropogenic Pb. Lead concentrations in roots of plants from the two marshes were higher than in leaves and stems, indicating limited transfer of Pb to aerial parts. A similar Pb isotopic signature was found in roots and in vegetated sediments, indicating that Pb uptake by plants reflects the input in sediments as determined by a significant anthropogenic contribution of Pb at Tagus and by mineralogical Pb phases at Guadiana. The accumulation in roots from Tagus marsh (max. 2870 microg g(-1) in S. fruticosa and max. 1755 microg g(-1) in S. maritima) clearly points to the dominant role of belowground biomass in the cycling of anthropogenic Pb. The fraction of anthropogenic Pb in belowground biomass was estimated based on the signature of anthropogenic Pb components in sediments ((206)Pb/(207)Pb=1.154). Since no differences exist between Pb signature in roots and upper sediments, the background and anthropogenic levels of Pb in roots were estimated. Interestingly, both background and anthropogenic Pb in roots exhibited a maximum at the same depth, although the proportion of anthropogenic Pb was relatively constant with depth (83+/-4% for S. fruticosa and 74+/-8% for S. maritima).     

Large electrocaloric effect with ultrawide temperature span in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-based lead-free ceramics

Innovative cooling technologies are recognized by many industries as a crucial part of their system design. A large electrocaloric effect (ECE) and extended working temperature are the key issues hindering the realization of electrocaloric refrigeration technology. In this work, large ECE (ΔT = 0.8–0.9°C @ 4 kV/mm) with an ultrawide temperature span from 30 to 120°C is noted for lead-free (Na_1/2Bi_1/2)_0.80Sr_0.20(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)_xTi_1-xO₃ ceramics. The excellent ECE performance can be ascribed to the evolution of polar nanoregions. Our work suggests that this material is promising for applications in solid-state refrigeration systems with a broad range of operating temperatures.     

医用防辐射服研究现状及发展趋势

从标准及不同应用场景的使用需求介绍了医用防辐射服,重点综述了含铅防辐射服的应用现状与存在问题和防辐射服的制备方法（纺丝法、涂覆法及热压成型等）,同时还对含有不同无铅屏蔽材料（如稀土元素、钨、铋、碳纳米管、聚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮等）防辐射复合材料的研究现状及发展前景进行了展望。     

Particulate Lead in Water Supplies

This paper describes research in areas where the occasional failure to meet the EC standard for lead in drinking water is due to the presence of particulate lead. A method is described to disinguish between soluble, particulate and colloidal lead in tap water, and characteristics are given of water sources which are most likely to suffer from this form of lead problem. At least two types of particulate (insoluble) lead in tap water have been identified, and some factors are discussed which cause the occurrence of both types. Interim results of trials are presented, with remedial actions.     

Lead isotopes reveal different sources of lead in balsamic and other vinegars

Fifty-eight brands of balsamic vinegars were analyzed for lead concentrations and isotopic compositions (²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb) to test the findings of a previous study indicating relatively high levels of lead contamination in some of those vinegars — more than two thirds (70%) of them exceeded California's State Maximum Level (34 μg/L) based on consumption rates ≥ 0.5 μg Pb per day. The Lead isotopic fingerprints of all those vinegars with high lead concentrations were then found to be primarily anthropogenic. This isotopic analysis unquestionably reveals multiple contamination sources including atmospheric pollutant Pb and an unidentified contamination source, likely occurring after grape harvest. Organically grown grape vinegars display the same Pb content and isotopic signatures as other vinegars. This implies that pesticides might not be a significant source of pollutant Pb in vinegars. A significant post-harvest contamination would be inherited from chemicals added during production and/or material used during transport, processing or storage of these vinegars. This is consistent with the highest Pb levels being found in aged vinegars (112 ± 112 μg/L) in contrast to other vinegars (41.6 ± 28.9 μg/L) suggesting contamination during storage. It is, therefore, projected that lead levels in most vinegars, especially aged balsamic and wine vinegars, will decrease with improvements in their manufacture and storage processes consequential to recent concerns of elevated levels of lead in some vinegars.     

Soil-washing design methodology for a lead-contaminated sandy-soil

Soils located near high traffic roadways, particularly where renovations have taken place, typically exhibit elevated levels of trace metals in the upper soil horizon. Regulators are currently seeking an efficient method of site characterization and treatment system design which will lend itself to timely and environmentally efficacious clean-up. The soil investigated in this study was a silty sand collected near a bridge abutment for a major interstate highway. The soil had a total lead content of 1392 mg/kg. In addition, the soil contained a considerable fraction of organic carbon (approximately 6.3%). A sequential chemical extraction indicated that a fraction of contaminants were in labile soil phases and thus amenable to chemical extraction (soil-washing). A soil washing design methodology is presented based on surface chemistry and equilibrium stage operation. In this work, a double layer surface complexation model was used to describe equilibrium sorption behavior and a preliminary design of an ex-situ counter-current equilibrium stage extraction process is presented. Model calibration was conducted using sorption data obtained from a 1:40 solid to liquid ratio (s/l), adsorption edge. Model validation was accomplished with batch titration data and a 1:20 s/l, adsorption edge. The model accurately predicted leachable lead concentrations over a wide pH range. The required number of ideal equilibrium stages was highly sensitive to pH.     

三种负极材料添加对铅酸电池循环寿命影响

通过在铅酸电池负极添加1%的碳粉、TiO_2和SiO_2,研究了负极材料添加对铅酸电池循环寿命的影响。结果表明,在负极活性物质添加碳导致化成时间增加。添加碳电极在第一次PSoC循环中比含TiO_2电极表现更加出色。在第二次PSoC循环中含SiO_2电极寿命最低。在第二次PSoC循环中含碳电极没有比含TiO_2电极表现更加出色。添加碳和TiO_2显著增加电极循环寿命。在PSoC循环中,在电极中添加碳和TiO_2具有重要作用,可以获得低的充电电压和降低负极孔隙量级,这些机制改善了电极接受充电电流的能力,限制了硫酸盐晶体的长大。在PSoC循环高电流放电条件下,电池内阻具有重要影响,导致显著的初始电压降和影响电极的循环寿命。     

负极添加膨胀剂后PLC电池容量恢复性的变化

主要利用膨胀剂(聚天冬氨酸)取代PLC用铅蓄电池负极活性物质中的木素硫磺酸钠,并对改进之后电池的低温和荷电保持性能进行测试。结果表明,当添加膨胀剂后,降低了电池首次低温放电容量,随后电池的放电容量随低温循环的次数增多而逐步上升。当电池达到稳定状态时,其低温放电容量与木素硫磺酸钠电池相比较高。当向电解液中加入质量分数为12%的膨胀剂(聚天冬氨酸)后,可细化硫酸铅晶粒,同时增强电池容量的恢复性。