19种粉剂抗生素溶解后体积的研究

目的观察粉剂抗生素溶解后体积的变化,提高给药剂量的准确性。方法收集19种常用粉剂抗生素,溶入10mL相应溶媒,充分溶解后记录体积的变化情况。结果18种抗生素溶解后体积增加,其中11种增量5%以上,5种增量10%以上,最多增量达3mL。结论临床护士应注意粉剂抗生素溶解后体积变化对注射剂量准确性的影响,加强给药护理的环节管理,确保给药剂量的准确性。     

广谱抗生素对脓毒症大鼠肠道微生态环境的影响

目的 探讨广谱抗生素对脓毒症大鼠肠道微生态环境的影响.方法 56只健康SD大鼠被随机分为正常对照组、烫伤组和脓毒症组.于大鼠背部造成30%总体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤后24 h,间隔12 h分两次腹腔注射内毒素(20mg/kg)进行"二次打击"制备脓毒症模型.分别于烫伤及"二次打击"后24 h,间隔12 h分两次腹腔注射头孢曲松进行治疗,各组于治疗前及治疗3 d和9 d活杀8只大鼠,取胃窦、小肠、结肠内容物及结肠黏膜行细菌定量培养、菌种鉴定.结果 单纯烫伤对结肠内容物杆菌数量和种类无明显影响,"二次打击"后,杆菌数升高上千倍(P<0.01),应用头孢曲松治疗后大鼠结肠内容物杆菌数量明显减少(P均<0.01),小肠内容物肠杆菌亦有类似变化,而胃内容物肠杆菌数量变化不显著.经烫伤及"二次打击"后肠道杆菌数量显著增加,球/杆比值负值增大;应用头孢曲松后,肠球菌数量显著增多,球/杆比值严重倒置;厌氧菌数量亦有所减少,但差异不显著.结论 广谱抗生素使定植于肠道的厌氧菌和肠杆菌数量锐减,使肠球菌、耐药菌选择为优势菌群成为可能,造成肠道微生态环境破坏.     

321株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性

目的了解本单位内铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性，指导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物。方法将本单位2004年10月至2007年10月送检的标本进行分析研究，结果 321株铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物显示不同程度耐药，但亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林，他唑巴坦，多粘菌素E显示良好的抗菌活性，结论临床标本中分离的铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药，临床医师应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

我院住院药房抗生素应用分析

目的:了解我院5个科室抗生素应用情况。方法:随机抽查我院普外、骨科、妇科、儿科、呼吸内科5个临床科室的住院病例360份,统计每个科抗生素的应用例数,应用天数,平均天数。结果:5个临床科室抗生素应用各有特点。结论:抗菌药物种类繁多,临床应用广泛,应提倡安全、合理、有效地应用。     

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Uropathogens in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of resistance of the various urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens obtained from patients in an urban pediatric emergency department (PED), and to identify risk factors for infection with resistant strains. METHODS: The data were collected retrospectively in an urban, academic PED in northeastern Florida. The microbiology-computerized database was used to identify all positive urine cultures from October 1999 through June 2000. All patients aged 17 years or less, whose urine specimen was collected in the ED and grew cultures with greater than 10,000 colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter of a single organism on Maconkey or blood agar, were included. The medical records of the patients were reviewed and selective demographic and clinical data were collected. Patients were excluded if their charts were unavailable for review or if the pathogen that grew in culture was a suspected contaminant. All patients lacking clinical symptoms of UTI (frequency, dysuria, abdominal pain, fever, or urgency) and whose urine was collected by clean-catch were excluded if their culture grew between 10,000 and 100,000 CFU. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T-S) was estimated for the subset of gram-negative pathogens. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to compare rates of resistance among patients with and without the following risk factors: age greater than 4 years; current or recent antibiotic use; day care attendance; and previous UTI. RESULTS: A total of 126 urine cultures were identified for inclusion. Of these, 45 patients were excluded, leaving 81 who met the study criteria. The majority of isolated organisms were Escherichia coli, accounting for 89% of the patients (n = 72). Other organisms identified were Klebsiella 3.7%, Proteus 1.2%, Citrobacter 1.2%, Staphylococcus 1.2%, and Enterococcus 3.7% (all in children < 4 years old). The resistance to T-S was 6.5% (95% CI = 0.9% to 12.1%) for gram-negative pathogens. Overall, 48% of gram-negative isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics, any resistance (95% CI = 36.5% to 59.5%). T-S resistance was nominally higher for older children and for those with a history of antibiotic use, although not to a significant degree. Children less than age 4 were more likely to have any resistance (OR 2.6; 95% CI = 1.0 to 6.7). CONCLUSIONS: The resistance to T-S in this study was 6.7% for gram-negative pathogens. These rates are lower than rates reported in adult populations, international pediatric studies, and the authors' hospital antibiograms, demonstrating the importance of local, population-specific data in selecting antibiotics. This study did not identify any statistically significant risk factors for resistance to T-S, but suggests that those with a recent history of antibiotic use may be at highest risk. While children less than 4 years old with gram-negative pathogens have nominally lower rates of T-S resistance, they are at higher risk for resistance to one or more antibiotics (any resistance) and are at risk for UTI caused by enterococcus (uniformly nonsusceptible to T-S). Prospective studies are needed to validate these results and to identify predisposing factors for urinary pathogens with antibiotic resistance.     

儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解西安交通大学第一附属医院2013年1月至2014年12月儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法常规方法培养、分离病原菌,用纸片扩散法、E-test法或全自动细菌分析仪测定细菌对不同抗生素的敏感性,采用2013版CLSI标准判读结果。结果 2589份血培养标本共分离出126株病原菌,阳性率为4.9%;其中革兰阳性菌占62.7%(79株),革兰阴性菌占37.3%(47株);致病菌中排在前3位的依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素的耐药率最高,未发现耐替加环素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素的葡萄球菌和肠球菌;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类耐药性最强,对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦最为敏感。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是引起本院儿童菌血症和败血症的主要病原菌。多重耐药菌较常见,临床应根据菌株耐药特性合理选用抗生素。     

福建省2021年血流感染细菌耐药情况分析

目的 了解福建省血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药现状,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法 对福建省31所医疗机构按统一方案对血培养标本分离菌株进行细菌鉴定和抗菌药物敏感性试验,参照美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI）2021年药敏执行标准,采用WHONET5.6软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 剔除重复菌株后,共收集到 10 356株细菌,革兰阳性菌3 668株（占35.4%）,革兰阴性菌6 688株（占64.6%）。排前5位的细菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。本研究甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为24.5%,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率为76.8%。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌的检出率为3.2%。万古霉素耐药粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌检出率分别为0.8%、1.1%。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率为0.8%,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率达41.9%;肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率为15.0%。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率为45.1%;铜绿假单胞菌则仅为14.2%,且对大多数药物保持了较高的敏感性。结论 福建省血流感染多由大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和葡萄球菌引起,部分菌种的耐药情况不容乐观,应继续加强抗菌药物的临床应用管理,正确合理使用。