胸腺肽联合抗菌药物对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的治疗效果

目的探讨胸腺肽联合抗菌药物对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)的治疗效果。方法统计分析该院2013年1月至2014年9月收治的60例老年AECOPD患者的临床资料。结果研究组患者的1s用力呼气量(FEV1)和FEV1%均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);临床症状和生活质量评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗的总有效率96.7%(29/30)明显高于对照组66.7%(20/30),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腺肽联合抗菌药物对老年AECOPD的治疗效果明显,值得推广。     

2011~2013年医院感染菌群分布及耐药状况分析

目的统计医院患者细菌感染菌群的变化以及耐药情况,为医院内感染管理和临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法常规培养分离临床标本,采用梅里埃公司的VITEK2全自动微生物分析仪,对标本进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析。药敏确证实验,采用美国临床检验室标准化委员会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)推荐的纸片扩散法,进行确证实验。结果2011~2013年医院感染的细菌标本来源以痰液、分泌物和中段尿为主;且感染的主要细菌呈上升趋势,排在前五位的细菌分别是:大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;常见的多重耐药菌,排前三位的是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌,其在3年中的构成比有小幅度的增加;3年中革兰阴性杆菌(G-)耐药率大于70%的抗菌药物有:氨苄西林、头孢呋辛钠和头孢呋辛酯;革兰阳性球菌(G+)耐药率大于70%的抗菌药物有:青霉素G和红霉素。除4例粪肠球菌外,没发现其他耐万古霉素的菌株。结论细菌感染的标本来源以痰液为主。革兰阴性杆菌是医院感染的主要致病菌,呈每年递增的趋势,多重耐药菌株也不断上升,青霉素类药物已不适用于临床细菌感染的治疗;亚胺培南对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯有很高的敏感性。医院应高度重视感染的管理,加强抗菌药物应用的监管,减少细菌感染的爆发和流行,减少耐药菌株的增加。     

氨基糖苷类抗生素的发展历程

抗生素的定义，首先来自于20世纪40年代链霉素的发现。在随后的几十年中，其他氨基糖苷类抗生素家族被大量发现并广泛应用，一度成为抗革兰阴性菌感染的首选抗生素。但由于其毒副作用较大，并且细菌对其不断产生耐药性，加上其他结构类别的新型抗生素的不断发现，使其一度几乎退出历史舞台。然而随着多重耐药细菌引起的感染率急剧上升，人们开始关注氨基糖苷类抗生素作为几种重要的治疗革兰阴性病原体的方案之一，并且发掘了其在治疗感染性疾病、艾滋病和遗传性疾病的潜力，使这个“老牌”抗生素重焕生机。     

Antibiotics in orthognathic surgery: a retrospective analysis and identification of risk factors for postoperative infection

This study was undertaken to evaluate the infection rate following orthognathic surgery and to identify possible risk factors. A retrospective study was conducted. Patients undergoing orthognathic surgery from August 1, 2017 to July 31, 2018 were included. The outcome variable was surgical site infection (SSI). All data were analysed with respect to demographics and procedure specifications. A total of 137 patients (mean age 28.5 ± 12.69 years) were included in this study, of whom 20 (14.6%) developed a SSI. The only risk factor identified was the type of surgery: those undergoing mandibular osteotomies (in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) or bimaxillary osteotomies) were far more likely to develop infections. Third molar teeth were removed during orthognathic surgery in 28.5% of the procedures, and a genioplasty was performed in 10.9%. Removal of osteosynthesis material because of infectious reasons was necessary in 10.2% of patients, with a strong association to previous SSI. In conclusion, this study showed an infection rate of 14.6% with no link to any demographic risk factor. Neither the simultaneous removal of third molar teeth nor genioplasty was found to be a risk factor for SSI. For literature comparison purposes, there is a clear need for the international guidelines defining SSI to be used.     

Effectiveness and Safety of Inhaled Antibiotics in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Multicentre Observational Study

BackgroundWe aimed to describe the effectiveness and safety of inhaled antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, as well as the patient profile in which they are usually prescribed and the patient groups that can most benefit from this treatment.MethodsMulticentre retrospective observational cohort study in COPD patients who had received ≥1 dose of inhaled antibiotics in the last 5 years. Clinical data from the two years prior to and subsequent to the start of the treatment were compared. Primary outcome: COPD exacerbations. Secondary outcomes: side effects, symptomatology (sputum purulence, dyspnoea), microbiological profile and pathogen eradication.ResultsOf 693 COPD patients analyzed (aged 74.1; 86.3% men; mean FEV₁ = 43.7%), 71.7% had bronchiectasis and 46.6% presented chronic bronchial infection (CBI) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). After 1 year of treatment with inhaled antibiotics, there was a significant decrease in the number of exacerbations (?33.3%; P < .001), hospital admissions (?33.3%; P < .001) and hospitalization days (?26.2%; P = .003). We found no difference in effectiveness between patients with or without associated bronchiectasis. Positive patient outcomes were more pronounced in PA-eradicated patients. We found a significant reduction in daily expectoration (?33.1%; P = .024), mucopurulent/purulent sputum (?53.9%; P < .001), isolation of any potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPM) (?16.7%; P < .001), CBI by any PPM (?37.4%; P < .001) and CBI by PA (?49.8%; P < .001). CBI by any PPM and ≥three previous exacerbations were associated with a better treatment response. 25.4% of patients presented non-severe side-effects, the most frequent of these being bronchospasm (10.5%), dyspnoea (8.8%) and cough (1.7%).ConclusionsIn COPD patients with multiple exacerbations and/or CBI by any PPM (especially PA), inhaled antibiotics appear to be an effective and safe treatment, regardless of the presence of bronchiectasis.     

Shortened Courses of Antibiotics for Bacterial Infections: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Commonly prescribed durations of therapy for many, if not most, bacterial infections are not evidence‐based. Misunderstandings by clinicians and patients alike influence perspectives on antibiotic use, including duration of therapy and its role in antibiotic resistance. To demonstrate that shorter durations of antibiotic therapy are as efficacious as longer durations for many infections, a systematic review was undertaken of English‐language articles by using PubMed to identify articles for inclusion. Additionally, infection‐specific guidelines were identified for review of recommendations. Search terms included specific infection types, randomized controlled trial (RCT), duration of therapy, treatment duration, short course, and long course. Only RCTs of single‐agent antibiotic therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections in adults were included. Independent data extraction of articles was conducted by two authors by using predefined guidance for article inclusion. In total, 23 RCTs met our criteria for inclusion. All trials compared single‐agent antibiotics for a short and long antibiotic course in six common infections: community‐acquired pneumonia, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, skin and soft tissue infections, uncomplicated cystitis, and complicated cystitis or pyelonephritis. Clinicians can decrease net antibiotic use by recommending shorter courses where evidence supports them. Antimicrobial stewardship programs that systematically address treatment duration may significantly affect institutional antibiotic use without negatively affecting patient care.     

医院血流感染的病原菌分布及抗菌药物的耐药性研究

目的：研究医院血流感染的病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：对31144份临床送检的血标本进行细菌培养、鉴定和药敏试验,应用WHONET 5.6对药敏结果进行统计分析。结果：31144份血培养标本中共分离到1653株病原菌,检出率为5.3%。分离得到的1653株病原菌中：革兰阴性菌检出972株（检出率58.8%）;革兰阳性菌检出469株（检出率28.4%）;真菌检出212株（检出率12.8%）。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为53.5%及41.1%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别为38.5%及77.2%。革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌两者耐药率无显著性差异。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率为3.5%~4.9%。未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺葡萄球菌。结论：血流感染病原菌种类多,耐药情况复杂,定期对病原菌分布和耐药情况进行监测,可以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。     

陕西省乡镇卫生院全科医生对抗生素使用的知识-态度-行为研究

目的：调查乡镇卫生院全科医生对抗生素的用药知识、态度和行为现状,为规范临床抗生素合理使用提供理论依据。方法：采用自行设计的"全科医生对抗生素合理使用的知识-态度-行为"问卷,于2016年3月到6月期间对陕西省乡镇卫生院全科医生进行问卷调查。问卷包括个人信息、知识、态度和行为4个部分。结果：共发放问卷250份,得到有效问卷234份,有效回收率93.6%。受访者对抗生素相关知识得分的中位数为6（6-7）,获得相关知识的主要途径是教材和培训,不同性别受访者对抗生素的认知水平存在统计学差异;受访者对抗生素用药的总体态度和行为得分分别为31.71±3.93和26.97±3.17;抗生素相关知识与态度、态度与行为的相关系数分别为0.139和0.146（p<0.05）。结论：全科医生对抗生素相关专业知识掌握不够牢固,存在滥用倾向,有超过1/3的全科医生会经常经验性地使用抗生素。建议政府继续加大对乡镇卫生院的卫生资源投入和配置;加强对社区医生,尤其是全科医生抗生素用药的岗位培训和继续教育。     

社区药房药师抗生素耐药认知与不凭处方调配抗生素行为调查

目的：评估社区药房药师抗生素耐药认知与不凭处方调配抗生素行为,分析二者之间的关系。方法：于2016年对西安市社区药房药师开展问卷调查,使用视觉模拟量尺,测量受访药师对抗生素耐药的认知,自报不凭处方调配抗生素行为,应答率为77.3%（99/128）。对数据进行描述,检验不同行为组间认识的差异性。结果：多数受访药师对抗生素耐药具有基本认知,74.8%（74/99）的被调查者报告了不凭处方调配抗生素的行为;未发现抗生素耐药认知与不凭处方调配抗生素行为之间的显著性关系。结论：社区药房药师不规范的抗生素调配行为比较普遍。仅通过强化认知水平来降低不凭处方的调配行为难以取得良好效果。管理药师群体和公众抗生素用药习惯,治理社区药房不规范药品销售行为,可能是更好的策略。