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31.
A mini spray dryer has been used to investigate morphological changes that occur to milk particles during the spray drying process. We have found that the mini spray dryer is ideal for such investigations, because phenomena such as skin and vacuole formation in particles can be analyzed without the added complication of particle agglomeration, which only occurs in much larger spray dryers where particle number concentrations are higher. We have confirmed observations made by various researchers that the bulk density of spray-dried milk powder is greatly affected by the drying temperature, due to the strong influence of the latter on the porosity of the particles. In addition, we have attempted to explain observations made by various workers that fat accumulates preferentially at the surface of a particle during drying by postulating that fluid fat is transported towards the surface, via a network of cracks and pores, by the development of a vacuole overpressure which is also responsible for the inflation of the particle. Finally, we have shown that milk powders can be spray dried a second time, by reconstitution with water, with no change to the thermodynamic characteristics of the resultant powder. Thus, milk concentrates for spray drying research can be prepared from already-spray-dried milk powders rather than using the more arduous evaporation method to concentrate unprocessed milk. 相似文献
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Thermal history and solute precipitation behavior of suspended solution droplets of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and zirconium hydroxychloride (ZrO(OH)Cl) evaporating at atmospheric and reduced pressures are studied. Experimental measurements on the variation of droplet diameter, solution concentration, and temperature during the evaporation period are presented and discussed. The results of solute precipitation behavior in solution droplets observed under an optical microscope are displayed and discussed. Results indicate that reducing the pressure (∼ 33 kPa) results in a change in the solution droplet evaporation rate, but the thermal histories of a particular solution droplet are similar at the atmospheric and reduced pressures. At atmospheric and reduced pressures used in this study, the d2 law for solution droplets is valid at early stages of the evaporation and before the solute precipitation initiates. Drying of MgSO4 and ZrO(OH)Cl solution droplets results in the formation of spherical particles, whereas drying of spherical NaCl solution droplets results in the formation of cubic particles. 相似文献
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Identification of gaps in mangrove forests with airborne LIDAR 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mangrove forests change frequently due to disturbances from tropical storms, frost, lightning, and insects. It has been suggested that the death and regeneration of trees in small gaps due to lightning may play a critical role in mangrove forest turnover; however, the large-scale quantification of spatial pattern and areas of gaps is lacking for investigating this issue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology provides an effective way for identifying gaps by remotely obtaining direct measurements of ground and canopy elevations. A method based on an alternative sequential filter and black top-hat mathematical morphological transformation was developed to extract gap features. Comparison of identified gap polygons with raw LIDAR measurements and field surveys shows that the proposed method successfully extracted gap features in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park. There are 400–500 lightning gaps per square kilometer in mangrove forests at the study sites. The distribution of gap sizes follows an exponential form and the area of gaps with sizes larger than 100 m2 account for 55–61% of the total area of gaps. The area of gaps in the mangrove forest in Everglades National Park is about 4–5% of the total forest area and the average gap formation rate is about 0.3% of the total forest area per year, indicating that lightning gaps play an important role in mangrove forest dynamics. 相似文献
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通用的自然语言词法分析机制 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
本文提出了一种通用的自然语言词法分析技术,其处理机构不仅可以独立于具体自然语言,而且又具有适合于未来智能计算机直接处理的规则形式和实现过程.文中还详细讨论了独立于自然语言的词法分析技术,以及我们在IMT/EC系统中实现的词法分析机制的工作原理. 相似文献
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咪唑封端扩链脲改性环氧树脂E-51/酸酐MTHPA体系性能研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以端羟基聚环氧丙烷1000,甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),2-甲基咪唑为原料,合成了扩链脲TI,利用DSC,动态热机械分析仪DMA,冲击试验机及扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对TI改性的环氧树脂E-51/甲基四氢化邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA)固化体系的反应活性,动态力学行为,冲击性能,断裂面形态结构进行了系统研究,结果表明,改性后的E-51/MTHPA体系反应活性明显提高,固化反应峰顶温度较未改性体系降低160℃-200℃,固化反应的表观活化能由未改性体系的160.3kJ/mol降至63kJ/mol-87kJ/mol,同时与未改性体系相比,经过改性的环氧树脂固化体系冲击强度有较大的提高,在TI含量为5%时体系的玻璃化转变温度Ts达到最高,各改性体系冲击断面呈韧性断裂。 相似文献
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