Consideration of metals levels in identifying CSO abatement options

Levels of total metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni) from samples in Buffalo, NY, were generally higher in combined sewage than sanitary flow. Sewer separation should therefore be considered carefully when choosing combined sewer overflow (CSO) abatement options. The first flush phenomenon was typically observed for sampled CSO events and first flush control may be effective in reducing receiving water impacts. Event mean concentration is often used for runoff quality evaluation, without consideration of concentration variability. The Weibull and lognormal distributions best fit the event mean concentration data and could be used to assess contaminant loading variability.     

概率距离在联机汉字识别中的应用

借助概率理论，将汉字信息看成随机事件，提出了概率距离的概念。概念距离依据事件的稳定性决定事件对识别距离的影响力，并以此为依据实现了在识别过程中的特征选择。经试验分析，有很好的效果，已将识别率提高了8个百分点。     

一、二级概率安全评价技术研究及其在300MW核电厂二期工程设计中的应用

通过引进及自行研制,建立了一、二、三级概率安全评价(PSA)分析程序;结合300MW核电厂二期工程(C-2)设计,对一、二级PSA技术进行研究及应用——包括始发事件分析、事件树分析、故障树分析、相关性分析、人员可靠性分析、数据分析、事件序列定量化、电厂损伤状态分析、事故进程和安全壳响应分析、源项分析、大量放射性早期释放频率(LERF)的计算和分析、不确定性分析、重要度和敏感性分析以及设计过程中的应用等。建造了C-2一、二级PSA模型,通过在C-2设计过程中基于PSA的发现进行了一些重要设计改进,如安注泵和喷淋泵的小流量回流管上隔离阀的设计改进;化容系统的往复式上充泵的设计改进;重要厂用水系统的设计改进等,得到C-2功率运行内部事件的堆芯损伤频率(CDF)为7.25×10-6/堆年,LERF定量化结果为3.24×10-7/堆年。     

基于全球定位系统的高精度事件顺序记录系统

为了满足事件顺序记录（SOE）系统数百微秒级分辨率的要求,系统必须实现精确到微秒级的全局时钟同步。通过对现有同步方法的评估并对时钟同步过程误差产生原因的着重分析,利用全球定位系统（GPS）信号为时间源的网络时钟协议（NTP）校时服务器,提出了一种基于改进NTP服务器同步法和1PPS秒脉冲同步法相结合的新方法。新方法利用先进的NTP服务器同步全局秒时钟,消除控制站间时钟误差,并解决同步过程中出现的“跨秒”问题;用1PPS秒脉冲同步毫秒计数器时钟,消除现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）晶振累积误差。该方法实现简单,同步精度高,系统稳定性好。使用该同步方法实现的SOE系统分辨率达0.5ms,并成功应用于某火电厂汽轮机保护装置。     

核电厂新增事故规程I RCP 10的设计和设置

核电厂事件导向法(EOP)事故处理规程以预先研究核事故的发展过程为基础,随着运行事件/事故的不断反馈及人们对核安全认知的加深,各种之前没有考虑到的事件/事故被逐步引入到EOP体系。根据运行经验反馈和核安全审评的要求,新增EOP事故处理规程《一回路放射性突然升高》(I RCP 10),其目的是在燃料元件完整性丧失情况下,合理有效地控制核电机组,保证事故产生的放射性不会对运行人员及后续的废物处理过程造成危害。     

Competition effects of mergers: An event study of the German electricity market

This paper investigates the competition effects of the entry of Vattenfall into the German electricity market. While the competition authorities supported the entry by approving Vattenfall’s acquisition of three regional utilities, other market participants raised concerns over the emergence of an upcoming oligopoly in the German market for power generation. We contrast the efficiency hypothesis postulating pro-competitive effects of mergers with the market power hypothesis postulating anti-competitive effects. For the analysis of the two opposing hypotheses, we use an event study approach to the stock prices of Vattenfall’s competitors in the German market. While we find no empirical evidence for increased market power in the German electricity market due to Vattenfall’s mergers, there is some indication for efficiency increases. We therefore cannot oppose the view of the competition authorities predicting an overall positive effect for consumers as a result of Vattenfall’s entry into the German electricity market.     

基于触发器机制的主动数据库模型研究

触发器是当前商用DBMS用于完整性实施和主动控制的一个主要机制。为了满足许多应用系统对数据库系统的主动性需求,提出了一种基于触发器机制的主动数据库的新模型,并且在此模型基础之上,运用了一种简单的、易于实现的方法来建立基于触发器机制的主动数据库。     

离散事件系统的可测性

讨论基于自动机/形式语言模型的离散事件系统（DES）的可测性问题。可测性即为根据系统的可观事件和状态输出的信息估计系统的当前状态。定义了四种可测性：强可测性,弱可测性,强周期可测性,弱周期可测性。给出了这些可测性的充要条件,这些充要条件可通过构建观测器进行有效的判定。     

基于CORBA事件服务的煤矿安全生产监控系统联网方案

分析了现有煤矿安全生产监控系统联网方案的不足。以CORBA的事件服务为基础,提出了煤矿安全生产监控系统联网的框架,分析了模型的工作机制,并进行了性能测试。     

Latency and mode of error detection in a process industry

Licensee event reports (LERs) from an industry provide important information feedback about safety to the industry itself, the regulators and to the public. LERs from four nuclear power reactors were analyzed to find out about detection times, mode of detection and qualitative differences in reports from different reactors. The reliability of the codings was satisfactory and measured as the covariance between the ratings from two independent judges. The results showed differences in detection time across the reactors. On the average about 10% of the errors remained undetected for 100 weeks or more, but the great majority of errors were detected soon after their first appearance in the plant. On the average 40% of the errors were detected in regular tests and 40% through alarms. Operators found about 16% of the errors through noticing something abnormal in the plant. The remaining errors were detected in other ways. There were qualitative differences between the LERs from the different reactors reflecting the different conditions in the plants. The number of reports differed by a magnitude 1:2 between the different plants. However, a greater number of LERs can indicate both higher safety standards (e.g. a greater willingness to report all possible events to be able to learn from them) and lower safety standards (e.g. reporting as few events as possible to make a good impression). It was pointed out that LERs are indispensable in order to maintain safety of an industry and that the differences between plants found in the analyses of this study indicate how error reports can be used to initiate further investigations for improved safety.