Flexible and Conductive 3D Printable Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes

In this work, 3D printable gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in lithium chloride containing ethylene glycol solution are synthesized and their physicochemical properties are investigated. 3D printing is carried out with a customized stereolithography type 3D gel printer named “Soft and Wet Intelligent Matter‐Easy Realizer” and free forming GPE samples having variable shapes and sizes are obtained. Printed PVDF/PDMAAm‐based GPEs exhibit tunable mechanical properties and favorable thermal stability. Electrochemical proprieties of the printed GPEs are carried out via impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 25–90 °C by varying PVDF content. Ionic conductivity as high as 6.5 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 is achieved at room temperature for GPE containing low PVDF content (5 wt%) and conductivity of the GPEs is increased as temperature rises.     

One‐shot radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with different reactivity accompanying spontaneous delay of polymerization for the synthesis of double‐network hydrogels

Double‐network hydrogels were conveniently synthesized by the one‐shot radical polymerization of an ionic monomer for the first network and a non‐ionic monomer for the second network in the presence of crosslinkers by simultaneous addition of the monomers, that is, one‐shot and spontaneous two‐step polymerization accompanying the delay of polymerization of a second network monomer. We analyzed the polymerization process based on the conversion of each monomer during the reaction in the absence of crosslinkers. Then we fabricated the double‐network hydrogels using several polymerization systems consisting of a conjugated monomer and a non‐conjugated monomer in the presence of the dual crosslinkers. We analyzed the swelling, mechanical and viscoelastic properties of hydrogels synthesized by one‐shot radical polymerization to confirm the production mechanism and the network structure of the hydrogels. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

宰前倒挂应激对鸭血凝胶特性的影响

宰前倒挂因能有效提高屠宰效率成为肉鸭宰杀前必经的一个工艺过程，但倒挂往往会加剧肉鸭的应激程度，影响其血液品质，已成为工厂生产中亟待解决的问题。因此，本实验旨在借助血液学与凝血相关指标探究宰前倒挂应激对鸭血凝胶特性的影响。在屠宰前，将40 只樱桃谷鸭随机分为2 个处理组：对照组和宰前倒挂组（宰前倒挂2.5 min），屠宰后采集血样并制备血凝块，随后分析血液指标（应激指标、血液学指标、凝血指标）以及鸭血凝胶特性。结果表明，宰前倒挂组鸭血中皮质酮激素及促肾上腺皮质激素的水平均高于对照组，说明实验所建立宰前倒挂模型成立。倒挂应激后，红细胞计数、血小板计数、血红蛋白质量浓度增加，红细胞比容、平均红细胞体积及平均血小板体积增大；凝血酶原的水平极显著上升（P＜0.01），组织因子的水平显著上升（P＜0.05）。宰前倒挂最终导致鸭血凝胶化加快，鸭血凝胶体系中水分迁移速率增大，结合水与自由水比例减少，不易流动水比例增大，质构特性和保水性变差。研究揭示了宰前倒挂应激通过影响鸭血的血液学指标和凝血系统从而改变其凝胶行为及凝胶特性，可为工厂改善应激对鸭血凝胶品质的影响提供理论依据。     

Structures and properties of chicken myofibrillar protein gel induced by microwave heating

Structures and properties of myofibrillar protein gel prepared at different power (300–800 W) were evaluated. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that changes in microwave power did not alter primary structure of gel. However, an increase in microwave power could change higher structures of gel. As microwave power increased, α-helix content decreased and β-sheet content increased. Increased microwave power probably facilitated protein to unfold and expose the internal groups, causing surface hydrophobicity and the formation of disulphide bonds were enhanced, which indicated changes in tertiary and quaternary structures of protein. At 500 W, gel had the best ultrastructure where surface morphology, springiness and water holding capacity reached the optimum. Our findings suggested that microwave at an appropriate power (500 W) could change higher structures of myofibrillar protein gel to achieve desired processing and quality protein gel characteristics.     

通过晶种胶作导向剂的凝胶预陈化路线合成多级孔道FAU/α-Al2O3整体材料

以整体型α-Al2O3为载体，晶种胶作导向剂，通过凝胶预陈化路线合成了多级孔道FAU整体材料。对合成的样品进行了FT-IR、XRD、SEM和N2吸附脱附表征。根据实验结果确定了晶种胶、凝胶预处理及预陈化步骤的作用，同时提出了不同路线生成氧化铝复合物可能的合成机理。结果发现：负载的FAU沸石的粒径、形状及数量可通过改变晶化凝胶的组成，并且α-Al2O3载体的结构没有明显改变。具有简单、可重现且易将三重孔道结构融于成型的整体材料中的特点，通过晶种胶预处理的凝胶预陈化路线可加强载体内表面与沸石间的界面作用，形成纯相FAU晶体沉积在α-Al2O3载体骨架表面的形貌。另外，该方法可为其他的多级孔道沸石的合成提供思路。                                  

The effect of ethylene glycol/citric acid molar ratio in the initial precursor of TiO2 nanoparticle paste synthesized by a polymerizable complex method on the photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized solar cells

A polymerizable complex method, also known as a Pechini method, was employed to synthesize titanium-sol (Ti-sol) as a matrix for TiO₂ nanoparticle paste, suitable for fabrication of semiconducting mesoporous TiO₂ layer as a photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effect of ethylene glycol (EG)/citric acid (CA) molar ratio (Z), in the initial Ti-sol precursor, on the photovoltaic properties of DSSCs. From viscosity (µ) measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of Ti-sols it was revealed that the amount of polyester in the sol decreases with increasing Z. The higher polyester content in the Ti-sols with lower Z ratios led to their higher surface tension (γ) and as a result the higher contact angle (α). The low wettability of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass with Ti-sol was the main reason of micro-cracking of TiO₂ layers after sintering. This effect was significant for lower Z ratios. Micro-cracks increase the back electron–hole recombination rate. Also, at higher Z ratio, the back electron–hole recombination rate increased, which was due to the lower Ti⁴⁺ ions in the Ti-sol precursor and poor interconnection between TiO₂ nanoparticles. Therefore, the maximum short circuit current density (I_sc) and the maximum conversion efficiency (η) were obtained for Z=4. Fill factor (FF) decreased with increasing Z. But, open circuit voltage (V_oc) was nearly independent of Z.