A perturbation method for guiding center orbit following calculations in the presence of Coulomb collisions

An orbit following guiding center Monte Carlo calculation is presented which employs a general flux coordinate system in an axisymmetric plasma equilibrium. The calculation incorporates collision effects. Furthermore, a perturbation expansion is applied for the guiding center calculations in the presence of a frictional source.     

First-order perturbation solutions of liquid pool spreading with vaporization

In this study, a simple physical model for liquid pool spreading with vaporization is solved semi-analytically for the first time using the mathematical method of perturbation techniques. The evaporation rate per unit area is used as the perturbation parameter, and first-order solutions are obtained for continuous and instantaneous releases.     

Calculation of Nano-charged Particles Pulsation Frequency in Tokamak

One of the unknown problems that cause to perturbation of tokamak function is charged particles pulsation. Applying the toroidal magnetic field to the charged motive particles implicate plasma in the system. This plasma has a frequency that depends on the toroidal magnetic field. Another frequency exists in this system that is caused to the plasma self magnetism. This lateral pulsation is principal origin of perturbation in the system. In this paper, nano-charged particles pulsation is investigated and its frequency is calculated by Buckingham method. Knowing this frequency is necessary to control perturbation. The result of calculations shows that temperature increasing of the system cause to more intense perturbation.     

Towards integrated sustainability assessment for energetic use of biomass: A state of the art evaluation of assessment tools

Biomass is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the ‘greening’ of energy supply. Nevertheless, concerns are rising about the sustainability of large-scale energy crop production. Impacts must be assessed carefully before deciding whether and how this industry should be developed, and what technologies, policies and investment strategies should be pursued. There is need for a comprehensive and reliable sustainability assessment tool to evaluate the environmental, social and economic performance of biomass energy production. This paper paves the way for such a tool by analysing and comparing the performance and applicability of a selection of existing tools that are potentially useful for sustainability assessment of bioenergy systems. The selected tools are: Criteria And Indicators (C&I), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Exergy Analysis (EA) and System Perturbation Analysis (SPA). To evaluate the tools, a framework was constructed that consists of four evaluation levels: sustainability issues, tool attributes, model structure, area of application. The tools were then evaluated using literature data and with the help of a Delphi panel of experts. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed on the resulting data matrix to detect significant differences between tools. It becomes clear that none of the selected tools is able to perform a comprehensive sustainability assessment of bioenergy systems. Every tool has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which means that trade-offs are inevitable and a balance must be found between scientific accuracy and pragmatic decision making. A good definition of the assessment objective is therefore crucial. It seems an interesting option to create a toolbox that combines procedural parts of C&I and EIA, supplemented with calculation algorithms of LCA and CBA for respectively environmental and economic sustainability indicators. Nevertheless, this would require a more comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to align the different tool characteristics and focuses.     

κ故障的ξ可诊性

本文利用摄动理论和流形距离,首次提出了容差电路k故障可诊条件,该条件定量地描述了容差电路可诊性是如何依赖于电路标称数据和可测得信号的。文章还指出了该可诊条件为合理使用定位故障的极值法提供了理论基础。     

Detailed study of the impact of co-utilization of biomass in a natural gas combined cycle power plant through perturbation analysis

Co-utilization of fossil fuels and biomass is a successful way to make efficient use of biomass for power production. When replacing only a limited amount of fossil fuel by biomass, measurements of net output power and input fuel rates will however not suffice to accurately determine the marginal efficiency of the newly introduced alternative fuel. The present paper therefore proposes a technique to determine the marginal biomass efficiency with more accuracy. The process simulation model for co-utilization of natural gas and a small perturbing fraction of biomass in an existing combined cycle plant (500 MW_th Drogenbos, Belgium) is taken as case study. In this particular plant, biomass is introduced into the cycle as fuel for a primary steam reforming process of the input natural gas.     

Calculation of derivative of complex modes using classical normal modes

In this paper, a method to calculate derivatives of eigenvectors of damped discrete linear dynamic system with respect to the system parameter is presented. Due to the non-proportional nature of the damping, the eigenvectors become complex, and as a consequence, the derivatives also become complex. The derivatives are calculated using small damping assumption, and the method avoids using the state-space approach. The results are obtained in terms of complex modes and frequencies of the second-order system, which in turn are related to the eigensolutions of the undamped system using perturbation method. Based on the derivatives, an expression for total change of the complex eigenvectors is obtained for a more general case when all the elements of mass, stiffness and damping matrices are varying. Application and accuracy of the derived expressions are demonstrated by considering numerical examples.     

Geometrically non-linear analysis including shear deformation of composite laminates

Geometrically non-linear deformations of composite laminated plates are computed using the perturbation finite element method (PFEM). The PFEM is more economic in terms of computational time than conventional finite element iterative procedure, and results in semi-analytic solutions because deformations are polynomial functions of external loads, and vice-versa. To account for the transverse shear effect on deformation of a laminated plate, a discrete-layer shear deformation theory is introduced. This approach predicts more accurately the distribution of displacements and stresses through the thickness than single-layer theories. Detailed derivation of the theory is presented in the paper. A three-node triangular element model and computer program have been developed and implemented as part of this study. Computed numerical results of several examples show that the perturbation finite element solutions are in good agreement with exact solution, experimental data and calculated numerical result from other investigators.     

Deformation and breakup of a second-order fluid droplet in an electric field

The effects of elastic property on the deformation and breakup of an uncharged drop in a uniform electric field are investigated theoretically using the second-order fluid model as a constitutive equation. Two dimensionless numbers, the electric capillary number (C) and the Deborah number (De), the dimensionless parammeters governing the problem. The asymptotic analytic solution of the nonlinear free boundary problem is determined by utilizing the method of domain perturbation in the limit of small mathcal C and small De. The asymptotic solution provides the limiting point of C above which no steady-state drop shape exists. The linear stability theory shows that the elastic property of fluids give either stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the drop, depending on the deformation mode.     

电离法测量~(60)Coγ射线在石墨体内吸收剂量的扰动修正

本文主要介绍用改变空腔体积的直线外推法测量指形石墨电离室在石墨模体内的扰动修正因子 k_p 的方法和结果。采用一组形状和外径(φ=13.5mm)完全相同、空腔有效体积υ分别为0.4923、0.6832、0.9060、1.2092、1.4713和1.8818cm~3的6个指形石墨电离室,放置在距离模体表面深度 h为5.13g/cm~2的石墨模体内,在准直~(60)Co γ射线束照射下,测量了空腔内单位质量空气中的电离电荷 J_(?)随υ的变化曲线;由该曲线外推得到υ=0时的 J_a 值,即(J_a)_0;再求得 k_p=(J_a)_0/(J_a)_v)值及其随υ的变化曲线。得到回归方程为 k_p=1.000—8.24×10~(-3)υ。所得 k_p 值,可用于指形石墨电离室测量石墨模体内吸收剂量时的扰动修正。