论《沉溺》之叙事特征与主题表达简

胡诺特·迪亚斯的短篇小说集《沉溺》描写了多米尼加裔移民在美国遭遇的种种身份认同危机。小说集的叙事特征尤其引人注目：貌离神合的片段式叙述、采用“留白”手法的开放性结尾以及为了还原真实人物而采用的视角越界策略。以上种种叙事手段均有助于该书边缘族群身份追寻的主题表达。     

On norms and their transgression in serious leisure: two case studies from rock climbing

As interest grows in the subject of sport, play and games as social practice, it becomes more important to elaborate on the contribution serious leisure makes in the formation of hegemonic power and the margins of everyday life. There are alternative models of what constitutes serious leisure and in particular the experience of leisure transgression. Case study based qualitative data are presented which illuminate several important influences within two settings featuring the adventure activity of rock climbing. I suggest that organisation and organising is one of a range of factors impinging on the theme of serious leisure. An implication is that climbers in the present may have more difficulty than did their predecessors in resisting both the encroachment of rationalised society and capture by market driven forces.     

基于沉积成因地化元素指标的闽北海湾晚更新世海侵地层辨识及其意义*

福建沿岸晚更新世地层中微体古生物化石较为缺乏,极大限制了对该区晚第四纪海侵过程的深入研究。针对这一问题,本研究以闽北2个海湾内的第四纪钻孔为研究对象,通过有孔虫化石以及沉积成因的地球化学元素(Sr/Ba、Mn/Fe)分析,结合三沙湾表层沉积物相应指标,探讨沉积成因的地球化学元素指示海侵地层的可行性。结果显示,2个海湾钻孔的晚第四纪地层中均发育3套疑似海相深灰色黏土层,其中开放海湾霞浦湾钻孔底部黏土层中缺失有孔虫,半封闭海湾三沙湾钻孔中有孔虫仅出现于顶部黏土层中。这3层黏土层的Sr/ Ba值远大于1,和现代潮滩—河口湾体系相近,且出现的海相沟鞭藻和自生黄铁矿为典型的海相地层特征。基于已有的OSL和AMS¹⁴C年龄框架,这3层海侵层分别对应于MIS5、MIS3和MIS1期,Sr/Ba和Mn/Fe均值从MIS5到MIS1期不断增大,结合现代潮滩-河口湾体系指标,表明从MIS5到MIS1期海侵强度的增加。由此可见,沉积成因地球化学元素指标可以有效辨识闽北海湾晚更新世海侵地层,这将有助于进一步了解该区晚第四纪海侵过程及其控制因素。     

"A right to lead": The role of leader legitimacy on group reactions to transgressive leadership

Research on the transgression credit shows that groups may sometimes turn a blind eye to ingroup leaders who transgress moral norms. Although there is substantial research investigating the underlying criteria of what makes a “good” leader, research often neglects to investigate the role of followers in leader-group dynamics. In this paper, we offer a novel approach to transgressive leadership by proposing that leader legitimacy is a key factor that determines whether followers’ reactions to transgressive leaders are positive or negative. Across two experiments, participants ascribed transgression credit only to transgressive ingroup leaders perceived as legitimate (Studies 1–2, total n = 308). Transgressive illegitimate leaders were viewed as more threatening to the group, were targeted for formal punishment, received less validation for their behavior, triggered negative emotions (anger and shame), and raised higher consensus for their removal from the leadership position than did legitimate leaders. This effect also occurred irrespective of the absence of formal social control measures implemented toward the transgressive leader (Study 2). Mediation analysis showed that leader illegitimacy triggered stronger feelings of group threat and stronger negative emotions which, consequently, fuelled agreement with collective protest against the transgressive leader. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Towards meaningful consumption-based planetary boundary indicators: The phosphorus exceedance footprint

The idea of measuring humanity’s footprint against planetary boundaries has attracted wide academic attention but methods to implement the theory in sustainability accounting remain underexplored. To help nations take collective actions to stay within a safe operating space, footprinting approaches need to be revised to accommodate biophysical limits. Here we develop a novel sustainability indicator, the phosphorus exceedance footprint (PEF) that measures countries’ contributions to the transgression of the planetary boundaries for phosphorus. Adopting a consumption-based perspective reveals how nations contribute to environmentally unsustainable phosphorus pollution in their trading partners. This captures country-specific transgression through supply chains in a way that complements conventional footprinting. In 2011, 27% of the world’s PEF was associated with international trade flows. Wealthier countries tend to reduce their domestic phosphorus fertiliser exceedance, thus preserving their own natural environment, while increasing their share of imported P-embodied products through trade. A pattern of highly uneven distribution of phosphorus-compromised economies is revealed, with 76% of the worldwide exceeded phosphorus embodied in exports supplied by only four countries: China (42%), Brazil (19%), India (10%) and New Zealand (54%). All countries transgress phosphorus planetary boundaries, even those that do not exceed their own territorial boundaries. Our findings highlight that mitigation strategies need to include international cooperation on increasing the efficiency of fertiliser use and reducing the demand of products that cause phosphorus exceedance.     

Transgressive Little Pests: Hiker Descriptions of “Shelter Mice” on the Appalachian Trail

Running between Springer Mountain in the state of Georgia, and Mount Katahdin in Maine, the Appalachian Trail (AT) is a more than 2,000 mile long “wilderness” corridor in the United States. People aiming to undertake a trek of the entire length of the trail can expect to spend approximately six months of their lives on it, sleeping outdoors or in the rudimentary, three-sided shelters that are dotted along it. This paper looks at hiker narratives that described unpleasant encounters between themselves and the mice (Mus musculus and Peromyscus maniculatus) who inhabit these shelters. Many people who attempt to hike the entire length of the AT also choose to blog about their experiences on the trail, thereby creating a parallel community online of AT “thru hikers” as they are known. The data for this study were retrieved from blogs posted by AT thru hikers over the years 2015 and 2016. The most common response to shelter mice was one expressing deep discomfort. This paper asks what it was like to live in close proximity to a species that people usually avoid, what about mice meant that they were perceived as distasteful and even disgusting, and how hikers thought about these nonhuman animals and made sense of their encounters with them afterwards. It is found that hiker reactions to shelter mice were informed largely by their perception of them as being transgressive.     

Transgressive segregation due to linked QTLs for grain characteristics of rice

Summary It has been theoretically proposed that multiple linked quantitative trait loci (QTLs) play a role in the accumulation of hidden variation within and between populations. In this study, the genetic bases for grain characteristics were examined by comparing two accessions representing the two rice subspecies by QTL analysis. Grain dimensions are known to be quantitative traits and to be diagnostic between these two subspecies. To enhance the power to detect QTL with small effects, after transferring a segment of chromosome 6 from an Indica type into a Japonica type of rice by repeated backcrosses, the introgressed segment was dissected by making recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which were expected to have different sizes of the introgressed segment in the same genetic background. The resulting RILs showed distinct transgression of the grain characteristics examined. Multiple QTLs controlling each of the length and breadth of seeds were detected on the introgressed segment, and showed positive and negative additive effects as well as epistatic interactions. The present study confirmed that transgressive segregation resulted from a breakdown of linkage and that the detection of QTLs was highly dependent upon the genetic effects of the neighboring QTLs, indicating the need for caution in interpreting QTL effects.     

现代珠江三角洲地区晚第四纪海侵的微体古生物记录

海平面波动历史对认识低海拔海岸带地区地质环境演化具有重要的参考意义。在年代测试的基础上,结合岩芯的沉积特征,通过对现代珠江三角洲地区QZK1和QZK4孔微体古生物化石的鉴定分析,发现有孔虫和介形类微体古生物化石均仅出现于两孔全新统的灰色粘土层中。微体化石分布特征显示:现代珠江三角洲地区全新世海侵从早全新世,或稍早的晚更新世开始,而QZK4孔620cm附近可能记录了全新世海平面的最高值,之后海平面开始下降至现代高度;前人报道的晚更新世海侵发生时间内,两孔中发育陆相地层,未发现海侵沉积。     

广西近岸西部中全新世显著海侵及气候特征

【目的】北部湾北部是冷暖空气的交汇带,气候复杂多变,而断裂活动导致的沉降差异又是海岸变迁的重要驱动因素,为了探究该区域环境变迁的规律,研究其中全新世显著海侵和气候特征。【方法】以广西西部近岸为典型,于防城港湾口外水下斜坡进行沉积物岩芯取样和粒度、元素、矿物、微体古生物、~(14)C年龄等地质地球化学要素综合测试,分析对比要素的变化特征及其气候联系。【结果】孢粉组合反映植被以山地热带、亚热带种属居优。沉积物组分为粘土质粉砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂。体现出元素分段变化,碎屑矿物含量变异性较高的分布规律;化学元素等基本以3.00~2.80m深度为界,前后分布有明显环境差异,显示气候变干变冷之特征。该转折点亦是大规模海侵的起始阶段,主要表现为绿石明显富集,Sr/Ba显著增高,有孔虫、硅藻、钙质和硅质生物碎屑随之快速增加;该转折点在时间和要素变化特征方面与邻区相近,揭示这并非偶然现象,与中全新世6.00ka B.P.前后夏季风减弱、冬季风加强的大尺度气候变化相联系。【结论】中全新世广西西北部近岸出现了大规模海侵,可能与区域乃至全球气候变化有关。