Carboniferous–Permian marine transgressions in the Jiyang Depression

In recent years, great attention has been paid to oil and gas exploration in the Carboniferous–Permian strata of the Bohaiwan basin, especially the Carboniferous–Permian marine transgression, using data from drilling, outcrops and carbonate acid-insoluble residue experiments together with the tectonic evolutionary history of the peripheral orogenic zones of the North China plate and the Tan-Lu fault zones. The study concludes that marine transgressions took place on six occasions during Carboniferous–Permian time in the Jiyang Depression. The marine transgressions were concentrated in the Late Carboniferous: two marine transgressions occurred in the early Late Carboniferous, and the scale of the first was smaller and the time was shorter than those of the second. The other four marine transgressions happened in the late Late Carboniferous, the first and the fourth of which were larger in scale and longer in time than the second and the third. The seawater came from the Jiaobei area, the eastward part of the Qinling–Dabie residual sea basin, and invaded progressively as a planar flow from south to north and from east to west. These findings have great significance for thorough analysis of the sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Carboniferous–Permian strata in the Jiyang Depression.     

Quaternary evolution of the Ría de Vigo, Spain

The seismic analysis of the sedimentary infill of the Ría de Vigo reveals that the infill comprises of a fifth order sequence (18 ky) bounded by a major discontinuity surface. Within the Holocene sequence, several seismic units have been identified; the oldest one originated after the Würm glaciation and the origin of its top discontinuity was eroded during the regression (sea level at − 120 m) of this last glacial episode (isotopic stages 2 to 4), 18 ky B.P.

In some places below this ría infill, another sequence can be identified. This older sequence is associated with the pre-existing faults and troughs in the deepest parts of the ría, and it was deposited during the Würm glaciation (Miocene–Pleistocene). Eroded sediments were moved from the rías area to deeper zones, where they accumulated in the lowstand system tract. The next sea level rise occured in two steps, producing two transgressive units separated by an hiatus surface. This cycle was interrupted by the next sea level fall (to − 55 m) marked on the seismic records by another recognizable boundary. The next sea level rise took place in several steps (back-stepping) with some stillstands, generating another transgressive system tract in the ría. From that time on, the relative sea level continued rising, depositing the most recent unit which represents the highstand system tract. Separating the highstand system tract and the transgresive unit below there is a consensed section.

The analysis of 29 cores provides groundtruthing for our hypothesis. The identified main lithologic units show a transgressive sequence: a granitic rock base, an overlying second unit-locally wedge shaped- and most recently, a marine muddy unit covering the present ría seafloor.     

Elevated iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater derived from the Holocene transgression in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, China

Groundwater in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, eastern China, is a drinking water source for local residents. Groundwater samples were collected from large-diameter hand-dug wells and boreholes for comparison of their iron and manganese concentrations, as well as other ions. The results show that iron and manganese concentrations are relatively high, exceeding drinking water standards by several times. Aquifer sediment samples contain abundant iron (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) and manganese (602 mg kg⁻¹). The results of correspondence factor analysis of the hydrochemistry data and the liberation experiments (using seawater and rainwater as leachants) suggest that iron and manganese in shallow groundwater come from the sediment in the Holocene aquifer. A reductive environment involving relatively high total dissolved solids and organic carbon in the aquifer system is favorable to iron and manganese transferring from the sediment to groundwater and stabilizes these ions. Shallow, large-diameter hand-dug wells provide oxic conditions that decrease the concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese in the well water.

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Résumé Dans la Plaine de Hang-Jia-Hu, à l’Est de la Chine, les eaux souterraines constituent une ressource en eau potable pour les autochtones. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été prélevés dans des puits de large diamètre creusés manuellement et dans des forages, afin de confronter leurs concentrations en fer, manganèse et autres ions. Les résultats montrent des concentrations en fer et manganèse relativement hautes, souvent au-delà des limites de potabilité. Les échantillons de sédiments de l’aquifère contiennent des quantités abondantes de fer (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) et de manganèse (602 mg kg⁻¹). Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle de correspondance des données hydrochimiques et des tests de libération (utilisant l’eau de mer et l’eau de pluie comme vecteurs) suggèrent que le fer et le manganèse contenus dans les aquifères superficiels proviennent des sédiments de l’aquifère holocène. Un environnement réducteur, impliquant une quantité élevée de solides dissous et de carbone organique dans le système aquifère, est favorable à un transfert du fer et du manganèse depuis les sédiments vers les eaux souterraines, et stabilise les ions considérés. Les puits peu profonds, de large diamètre et creusés à la main créent des conditions oxydantes qui abaissent les concentrations en fer et manganèse dissous dans l’eau du puits.

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Resumen El agua subterránea en la Llanura de Hang-Jia-Hu, al este de China, es una fuente de agua potable para los residentes locales. Las muestras de agua subterránea fueron recogidas en pozos de gran diámetro excavados a mano y en pozos barrenados con el objeto de comparar las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso, y también las de otros iones. Los resultados muestran que las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso son relativamente altas, excediendo varias veces los límites para agua potable. Las muestras de sedimentos tomadas del acuífero contienen abundante hierro (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) y manganeso (602 mg kg⁻¹). Los resultados del análisis de correspondencia de los datos hidroquímicos y experimentos de liberación (usando agua de mar y agua de lluvia como lixiviantes) sugieren que los iones hierro y manganeso en las aguas subterráneas someras provienen de los sedimentos acuíferos del Holoceno. Un ambiente reductor que contiene relativamente alta cantidad de sólidos totales disueltos y carbono orgánico en el sistema acuífero es favorable para la transferencia de hierro y manganeso desde los sedimentos al agua subterránea y para estabilizar estos iones. Los pozos poco profundos, de gran diámetro, excavados a mano, suministran condiciones de oxidación que disminuyen las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso disueltos en el agua del pozo.

     

华北地台晚石炭世—早二叠世早期海水进退与厚煤带分布关系

晚石炭世—早二叠世早期华北地台共发生过4次二级大海侵,海侵来自地台的东、西两个海域。随着时间推移,沉积中心、沉积范围、海侵方向、海岸线位置、可采煤层分布均不断变化。早二叠世早期初第三次大海侵是最大海侵期。最大海侵前夕——晚石炭世晚期末是大区域发育成煤环境最佳时期。第二、三、四次大海侵时华北地台北部始终处于陆表海海侵边缘,从晚石炭世晚期末至早二叠世由于该区长时期保持成煤环境,成为厚煤带分布的主要地区。     

Spatial Transgression and the BYU Jerusalem Center Controversy*

Dominant groups tend to construct the meaning of places to justify and sustain their ideology and orthodoxy in order to solidify power and to maintain their control over others. New outsider groups whose ideology disrupts the established order and sovereignty of the dominant group can be labeled transgressive ( Sibley 1995; Cresswell 1996 ). Transgressions of hegemonic spaces force dominant groups to reexamine themselves and to reaffirm or to modify their position. This concept of transgression is used to examine the controversy surrounding the building of the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center in the mid‐1980s in Jerusalem. The public outcry among some Israelis over the building of this educational edifice concerned the potential use of the Jerusalem Center as a focal point for Mormon (Latter‐day Saints) proselytizing efforts. We examine the way the Jerusalem Center was viewed and depicted by its opponents, suggesting how basic geographic concepts such as scale and site further refine the concept of spatial transgression for buildings and urban redevelopment.     

我国咸化湖泊沉积中钙质超微化石特征及其地质意义

对我国西北和东北（内蒙古东部）36个地点的新生代-现代陆相咸化湖泊沉积中的433块标本进行了采样分析，在其中15个地点38块标本中发现钙质超微化石10个属：Coccolithus, Reticulofenestra, Cyclicargolithus,Quadrum, Discoaster, Gephyrocapsa, Calcidiscus, Umbilicasphaera,Cotonocyclus, Watznaueria等，多数为原地沉积，也有一部分属于再沉积来源。由此可见，不能笼统地把所有钙质超微化石的发现都当作海相或海侵的证据。陆相咸化湖泊沉积中钙质超微化石的特点是：丰度低，数量稀少；属种分异度低；常与陆相喜盐水生生物共生。第四系和现代陆相咸化湖泊沉积中发现的钙质超微化石属种往往是海相第四系或现代海洋中常见类型。在青海柴达木盆地七个泉构造七心1井中-上始新统下干柴沟组上段岩心中，发现Reticulofenestra bisecta。这是海相中始新世-渐新世沉积中标志化石。看来，利用钙质超微化石进行海、陆相地层对比探索已取得一定进展，但离“统”一级的地层对比还有很大距离。     

The stratigraphy of flandrian relative sea-level changes at a site in tayside,Scotland

Peat deposits in a gully at the inland margin of the Firth of Tay carselands contain a transgressive wedge of estuarine sediments laid down at the culmination of the Main Postglacial Transgression. In previous work, the sequence of deposits in the gully and their age have been examined at one location. The present study both extends and evaluates that previous work, employing further field work and laboratory analyses. The detailed stratigraphy of the deposits is identified, whilst from a borehole close to the limit of the transgressive deposit, diatom analysis and geochemical analyses, involving the determination of Al, Mg, C, and δ ¹³C_PDB are outlined. Eight ¹⁴C assays from peat at the transgressive and regressive contacts in four boreholes along the wedge of estuarine sediments are described. Whilst the results of diatom analysis are inconclusive, the geochemical analyses indicate that the sediment accumulated broadly continuously without major changes in the depositional environment. It is concluded that the Main Postglacial Transgression in the gully was at first rapid, then slowed and culminated between 6240 ± 80 and 6030 ± 80 (or 6170 ± 90) radiocarbon years, B.P. It is subsequently maintained that the geochemical analyses described here may be of value in determining the continuity of transgressive deposits, whilst the practice of obtaining multiple radiocarbon assays at such locations should enable assessment of age to be refined. This may in turn assist in testing the hypothesis of shoreline diachroneity in glacioisostatically affected areas.     

事件性海侵与煤聚积规律——鲁西晚石炭世富煤单元的形成

华北晚古生代内陆表海大型聚煤盆地的极平坦的地势是煤聚积的良好场所，而事件性海侵为泥岩沼泽发育及泥炭迅速得以保存最终形成煤层提供了条件。研究表明，石炭二叠纪煤系中可识别出若干个重要的事件性海侵层，研究这些海侵层的形成，对探明富煤单元的分布具有重要的实际意义。本文讨论了事件性海侵与富煤单元形成及分布的成因联系，应用层序地层学理论和方法，分析了鲁西煤田煤聚积规律。     

Transgressions and the sea-level changes of the western Taiwan Strait since the Late Pleistocene

The sedimentary sequences since the Late Pleistocene can be divided into Layers E, D, C, B, A from old to young according to systematic analysis of grain-size, pollen and spore, diatom, foraminifera, radiocarbon dating and paleogeomagnetism of 16 sedimentary cores from the sea area of the western Taiwan Strait. The results proved the existences of the Langqi transgression (upper section of Layer D) formed in middle and late stages of early Wurm glacial period, Fuzhou transgression (Layer C) formed in Wurm sub-interglacial period and Changle transgression (Layer A) formed in postglacial period. It was also the first time to discover the Jinmen transgression (Layer E) formed in Riss -Wurm interglacial period. In this paper it is proposed that most part of the Taiwan Strait emerged as land in the early stage of early Wurm glacial period, and was still under sublittoral environment in late Wurm glacial period, as well as the existence of Dongshan Continental Bridge was in 8×103 a BP.