Reappraisal of Dementia Praecox: Focus on Clinical Psychopathology

Summary: One century of investigation in schizophrenia is still not enough to elucidate all the complex issues related to the essential symptomatology, clinical boundaries, aetiology, pathogenesis, outcome, treatment and prevention. Despite the extraordinary progress in the neuroscience field, no definitive data is available for schizophrenia. On the other hand, after the successful activity of the psychopharmacological era, the clinical psychopathological investigations were reduced and almost replaced by the mechanistic operational diagnosis. This has caused an impoverishment in psychiatry. Tracing some historical aspects of schizophrenia since the kraepelinian Dementia Praecox, this article intends to demonstrate the failure of the current model of diagnosis and current limitation of neuroscience. It advocates the reinforcement of Clinical Psychopathology as the foundation for correct and appropriate first steps in the investigation of schizophrenia. The splitting disease is still a challenge to biological psychiatry.     

Intergenerational Continuity of Substance Use

Guided by rigorous methodology and a life-course perspective, the goal of this research is to address a gap in current knowledge on whether, when, and how strongly intergenerational continuity of substance use exists when examining age-equivalent and developmentally specific stages of the life course. Annual self-reported substance use measures were analyzed from a prospective, longitudinal, and nationally representative sample that originally consisted of 1,725 respondents and their families, who were then interviewed over a 27-year period from 1977 to 2004. Findings from multilevel random-intercept regression models provide support for intergenerational continuity when substance use occurs in emerging adulthood but not when limited to adolescence. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.     

The necessary distinction between methodology and philosophical assumptions in healthcare research

Methodological discussions within healthcare research have traditionally described a methodological dichotomy between qualitative and quantitative methods. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that such a dichotomy presents unnecessary obstacles for good research design and is methodologically and philosophically unsustainable. The issue of incommensurability is not a question of method but rather a question of the philosophical premises underpinning a given method. Thus, transparency on the philosophical level is important for validity and consistency as well as for attempts to integrate or establish an interface to other research. I argue that it is necessary to make a distinction between methodology and philosophical assumptions and to ensure consistency in these correlations. Furthermore, I argue that the question of incommensurability is best answered at this basic philosophical level. The complexity of health care calls for methodological pluralism and creativity that utilises the strength of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Transparency and consistency on the philosophical level can facilitate new mixed methods research designs that may be promising methodological assets for healthcare research. I believe we are ill served by fortified positions that continue to uphold old battle lines. Empirical research begins in the field of practice and requires a certain amount of pragmatism. However, this pragmatism must be philosophically informed.     

星点设计-效应面法优化溴新斯的明多囊脂质体的制备工艺

目的采用星点设计-效应面法优化溴新斯的明多囊脂质体的制备工艺。方法采用复乳法制备溴新斯的明多囊脂质体,以包封率为评价指标,用星点设计优化处方,并进行多元线性回归与二项式方程拟合,采用效应面法选取较佳工艺条件,并进行预测。结果以磷脂与胆固醇为1.41∶1投料、主药浓度为22.98 g·L-1、三油酸甘油酯为24.93 mmol·L-1的优化条件制备溴新斯的明多囊脂质体,包封率为80.34%±1.53%,与二项式拟合方程预测结果相差小于2.5%。结论应用星点设计-效应面法优化溴新斯的明多囊脂质体的制备工艺,能快速方便地得到最佳制备工艺,预测性良好。     

星点设计-效应面法优化鹿角灵芝微乳超声提取工艺

目的 探讨以微乳超声法同时提取鹿角灵芝中灵芝酸和灵芝多糖的最佳条件。方法 采用星点设计-效应面法,以物料溶剂比(X₁)、超声提取时间(X₂)和超声功率(X₃)作为考察因素,以灵芝酸A、灵芝酸C₂、灵芝多糖含量和提取物得率为考察指标,并对考察因素和考察指标总评归一值进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合,以效应面优选最佳的微乳超声提取工艺,并做验证试验。结果 微乳超声提取鹿角灵芝的最佳条件为物料溶剂比1∶18、超声提取时间59 min、超声功率513 W,此条件下灵芝酸A、灵芝酸C₂、灵芝多糖含量和提取物得率分别为0.647 8,0.108 5,11.20 mg·g^-1和34.28%。结论 微乳超声可同时提取鹿角灵芝中脂溶性和水溶性成分,并且节能、省时、操作简便,为工业化提取鹿角灵芝提供了新途径。     

星点设计-效应面法优化阿昔洛韦口腔贴片处方

摘 要 目的： 星点设计 效应面法优化阿昔洛韦口腔贴片处方。方法: 以羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC) K4M和卡波姆974P NF的用量为因素,以阿昔洛韦在1 h,5 h和12 h的释放度和黏附力为指标,用多元线性方程、双因素模型和二次多项式模型分别描述各指标与因素的关系,根据较优数学模型绘制效应面图;各指标效应面二维等高线图的重叠部分,即为最佳处方区域,选择最佳处方,并进行预测分析。结果: 二次多项式模型拟合的相关系数和可信度较高。最佳处方各指标的实测值在预期范围内。结论: 星点设计 效应面优化法可以较好地用于阿昔洛韦口腔贴片处方的优化。     

Box-Behnken试验设计优选淫羊藿饮片中淫羊藿苷及总黄酮提取工艺

摘 要 目的： 建立淫羊藿饮片醇提生产工艺。方法: 采用Box Behnken试验设计结合效应面法对各工艺参数进行优选,HPLC色谱法和紫外可见分光光度法联合定量评价。结果: 淫羊藿生产最佳提取工艺为：加入15倍量70%乙醇,提取150 min。结论: Box Behnken试验设计适合对因素的水平范围进行合理筛选,该工艺稳定,可行性强。