一种耐超高温、耐酸聚合物的制备及性能测试

摘要：为解决常规聚合物无法满足超高温深井酸化压裂的技术要求，本文分别以丙烯酰胺（AM） 甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）、AM DMC SMA（十八烷基甲基丙烯酸酯）为原料，通过自由基聚合制备出两种耐酸聚合物SY-1和SY-2，并对其结构进行表征及性能测试。结果表明：SY-2红外谱图中720 cm-1为—(CH2)n—的弯曲振动吸收峰，单体成功接枝到聚丙烯酰胺分子链上；热重分析表明，SY-1升温至600℃失重比为98%，SY-2失重比86%，热稳定性得到改善；质量分数为20%盐酸中，SY-2质量分数0.8%：180℃，170s-1流变性能测试，SY-2剪切终点黏度56mPa?s，90℃、120℃、150℃剪切1h，黏度为83.6mPa?s、43.5mPa?s、27.8mPa?s，剪切稳定性分别为85.66%、74.45%、52.01%； 180℃、3MPa条件下，静态酸岩反应速率为8.94?10-5(g/cm2?s)，较常规SY-1反应速率1.69?10-4(g/cm2?s)减小一个量级。且与缓蚀剂、铁离子稳定剂配伍性良好，克服高温酸化压裂技术的应用瓶颈。     

改性聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的疏水缔合性质

合成了一种疏水缔合水溶性聚丙烯酰胺共聚物，使用荧光光谱法并结合紫外及流变性实验，对制备的疏水缔合水溶性聚丙烯酰胺共聚物在水溶液中形成疏水微区、超分子聚集体及空间网络结构进行了研究，并用扫描电子显微镜证实了溶液中网络结构的存在．     

Spatial and temporal scaling of nitrous oxide emissions from the field to the regional scale in Scotland

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a powerful greenhouse gas. As the UK government is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is important to know not only how much of these gases are released but also where and when. Targeted measurements of emissions in relation to crop growth cycles, soil wetness and fertiliser applications were used to derive annual emission rates for specific combinations of soil type, land management and fertiliser practices. These annual emission rates were then spatially scaled to derive regional figures through the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) based model framework. Digital soil and land use maps at a scale of 1:25000 for two test areas of approximately 200000 ha each (Lothians and the Ayrshire Basin) were overlain with a climate map within the GIS, deriving unique combinations of soil wetness and land use. The calculated annual emission rates (kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) were then applied to these and multiplied by the total area of each soil/land use type to derive annual emission losses for each area. The annual emission of nitrous oxide from the Lothians was determined as approximately 381000 kg N yr^–1, while the emissions from the Ayrshire Basin were predicted to be 794000 kg N yr^–1. This indicates the increased emissions associated with both the wetter soils of Ayrshire and the greater extent of grazed pasture systems in this area. Due to the detailed scale of the input data, localised areas with large emissions were identified. Abatement strategies would be concentrated on areas of high emissions that include a change to crops with lower emission potential, reducing fertiliser and manure inputs, reducing grazing intensity and improving soil drainage.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024422604493     

Robust spatial flood vulnerability assessment for Han River using fuzzy TOPSIS with α-cut level set

This study aims to improve the general flood vulnerability approach using fuzzy TOPSIS based on α-cut level sets which can reduce the uncertainty inherent in even fuzzy multi-criteria decision making process. Since fuzzy TOPSIS leads to a crisp closeness for each alternative, it is frequently argued that fuzzy weights and fuzzy ratings should be in fuzzy relative closeness. Therefore, this study used a modified α-cut level set based fuzzy TOPSIS to develop a spatial flood vulnerability approach for Han River in Korea, considering various uncertainties in weights derivation and crisp data aggregation. Two results from fuzzy TOPSIS and modified fuzzy TOPSIS were compared. Some regions which showed no or small ranking changes have their centro-symmetric distributions, while other regions whose rankings varied dynamically, have biased (anti-symmetric) distributions. It can be concluded that α-cut level set based fuzzy TOPSIS produce more robust prioritization since more uncertainties can be considered. This method can be applied to robust spatial vulnerability or decision making in water resources management.     

非水电解质浓溶液的热力学研究(Ⅰ)——用缔合模型关联、推算298.15K时HCL甲醇浓溶液的活度系数

利用HCl在甲醇中稀溶液的活度系数,通过Pitzer的缔合模型,关联出298.15K HCl在甲醇中的缔合常数Kx=1.7×10~2,然后利用HCl在甲醇中浓溶液的活度系数关联出近程作用单参数,进而推算溶剂甲醇的活度系数及溶液总压,均得到满意的结果,说明HCl甲醇浓溶液的热力学关联必须考虑HCl的部分离解效应。     

孪尾疏水缔合丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/N,N-二丁基丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成与性能

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为表面活性剂,丙烯酰胺(AM)的水溶液为连续相,N,N-二丁基丙烯酰胺(DiC4AM)为分散相,采取先加碱共聚-共水解的方法合成了孪尾疏水缔合水溶性聚合物聚(丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/N,N-二丁基丙烯酰胺)[P(AM/NaAA/DiC4AM)]。用FT IR1、H NMR对其结构、组成进行了表征和测定。用稀释外推粘度法测定了共聚物的特性粘数[η]、Huggins常数KH。用芘荧光探针法及表观粘度法研究了大分子链间的疏水缔合作用,考察了疏水单体用量对其水溶液表观粘度的影响。     

The Importance of Shallow‐Low Velocity Habitats to Juvenile Fish in the Middle Mississippi River

Habitat management is a crucial aspect of fisheries management. Without knowledge of habitat associations, fisheries scientists are unable to effectively make habitat conservation or restoration recommendations. This becomes especially prominent when trying to manage commercially harvested populations and protect threatened or endangered species. To determine juvenile fishes habitat associations in the Middle Mississippi River, we analysed mini‐trawl catch data of six common juvenile fish species: blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), channel shiner (Notropis wickliffi), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). Overall, we conducted 2251 mini‐trawl sampling efforts between 2002 and 2013, resulting in the capture of 23,742 target specimens. Catch per unit effort was evaluated by structural habitat (i.e. velocity, depth, and substrate). Overall, these data suggest that juvenile fish species are more prevalent in shallow water and slower velocities. Ultimately the information garnered during this evaluation should be incorporated when considering habitat modifications, especially those modifications that impact the availability of shallow‐low velocity habitats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

疏水缔合类聚丙烯酰胺溶液性质研究

综述了疏水缔合类聚丙烯酰胺溶液性质的影响因素以及测定溶液微观形态的研究方法。     

Event-driven,pattern-based methodology for cost-effective development of standardized personal health devices

Experiences applying standards in personal health devices (PHDs) show an inherent trade-off between interoperability and costs (in terms of processing load and development time). Therefore, reducing hardware and software costs as well as time-to-market is crucial for standards adoption. The ISO/IEEE11073 PHD family of standards (also referred to as X73PHD) provides interoperable communication between PHDs and aggregators. Nevertheless, the responsibility of achieving inexpensive implementations of X73PHD in limited resource microcontrollers falls directly on the developer. Hence, the authors previously presented a methodology based on patterns to implement X73-compliant PHDs into devices with low-voltage low-power constraints. That version was based on multitasking, which required additional features and resources. This paper therefore presents an event-driven evolution of the patterns-based methodology for cost-effective development of standardized PHDs. The results of comparing between the two versions showed that the mean values of decrease in memory consumption and cycles of latency are 11.59% and 45.95%, respectively. In addition, several enhancements in terms of cost-effectiveness and development time can be derived from the new version of the methodology. Therefore, the new approach could help in producing cost-effective X73-compliant PHDs, which in turn could foster the adoption of standards.     

环境保护与汽车涂装

叙述了与汽车涂装相关的国际环保法规及汽车涂装的公害,重点介绍了汽车用环保型涂料、5R活动和3C1B涂装技术等环保达标措施.