免疫组织化学法在鼻窦真菌球诊断中的价值

目的　研究鼻窦真菌球的主要致病菌种 ,探索组织切片中快速鉴定主要条件致病真菌的组织病理学方法。方法　 2 5例鼻窦真菌球患者接受鼻窦病变清除术 ,对其组织病理标本分别进行了碘酸雪夫染色 (paraaminosalicylic ,PAS)和免疫组织化学染色 ,并比较两种方法的敏感性。 结果鼻窦真菌球以上颌窦发病率最高 ,其次是蝶窦。致病真菌检测 :曲霉菌感染 2 3例 (92 % ) ,白色念珠菌感染2例 (8% )。鼠抗曲霉单克隆抗体、兔抗白色念珠菌多克隆抗体可以分别鉴定组织中的曲霉菌和白色念珠菌。免疫组化和PAS染色的敏感性差异无显著性 (χ2 =0 2 72 ,P >0 0 5 )。结论鼻窦真菌球感染以曲霉菌属多见 ,免疫组化技术具有抗原特异性强、诊断快速的特点 ,为确定鼻窦组织的真菌感染以及鉴定真菌菌属提供了新的可靠方法     

多重聚合酶链反应快速诊断感染性眼内炎的研究

目的 探讨多重聚合酶链反应（MPCR）快速诊断细菌性、真菌性眼内炎及混合感染的价值。 方法 MPCR法检测常见致病性细菌和真菌菌株，并检测38例患者41只眼（双眼3例，单眼35例）眼内液标本，与细菌和真菌培养结果比较。 结果 MPCR法5 h即可检测出标本中微量细菌和真菌，41份标本MPCR检测阳性34份（82.9％），其中细菌阳性26份，真菌阳性6份，细菌和真菌均为阳性2份，MPCR阳性率明显高于细菌或真菌培养 （χ2＝9.60,P＜0.05）。 结论 MPCR速度快、敏感性和特异性高，有助于细菌性和真菌性眼内炎的快速明确诊断。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：81-83）     

Purification and characterization of a novel peptide with antifungal activity from Bothrops jararaca venom.

Different peptides have been isolated from a wide range of animal species. It is has become increasingly clear that due to the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes, antibacterial and antifungal peptides have attracted the attention in recent years, in order to find new therapeutic agents. In this work, a novel peptide with high inhibitory activity against fungi growth have been isolated from the venom of the Brazilian snake Bothrops jararaca. A Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration column was employed for further separation of proteins. The FV fraction with high antifungal activity was named Pep5Bj, pooled and submitted to reverse-phase chromatography in HPLC. The fraction containing the isolated peptide inhibited the growth of different phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and yeast (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The peptide minimal inhibitory concentration is comparable to other known antifungal peptides, like insect defensins and cecropins, found in the last years in a large diversity of animals. We investigate F. oxysporum cells membrane permeabilization using SYTOX Green uptake, an organic compound that fluoresces upon interaction with nucleic acids after penetration in cell with compromised plasma membranes. When viewed under fluorescence optical microscopy, F. oxysporum cells exposed to Pep5Bj display strong SYTOX Green fluorescence in the cytosol, especially in the nuclei. The SYTOX Green data suggested that this effect is related to membrane permeabilization. The molecular masses of this peptide was obtained by MALDI-TOF spectrometry and corresponded to 1370Da.     

吴茱萸乙醚提取物抗角膜真菌作用研究

目的：体外检测中药吴茱萸乙醚提取物对串珠镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、黄曲霉菌3种真菌的抗菌作用。方法：采用体外药基法进行检测．测定中药吴茱萸乙醚部分提取物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值。结果：吴茱萸乙醚部分提取物抗串珠镰孢菌的MIC为2．5mg／ml；茄痔镰孢菌MIC为5mg／ml；黄曲霉菌MIC为10mg／ml。结论：吴茱萸乙醚部分提取物对串珠镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、黄曲霉菌3种真菌的抗菌作用中，抗串珠镰孢菌的效果最好。     

多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法同时检测常见病原真菌方法学的建立及诊断价值

目的建立多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法，并评价其同时检测假丝酵母菌、曲霉菌及新型隐球菌的诊断价值。 方法建立多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法并对其检测体系进行优化。收集临床高度怀疑为侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的各类临床样本179例，其中血液65例、深部痰液35例、尿液30例、脑脊液18例、胸腹水12例、肺泡灌洗液10例、新鲜肺组织9例。通过敏感性、特异性、重复性实验验证多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法的检测性能，并应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价该方法的诊断效能。 结果建立的多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法可同时检测8种常见病原真菌，包括4种假丝酵母菌（白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌）、3种曲霉菌（烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉）和新型隐球菌。其最低检测限为1 × 10⁴ cfu/mL，且常见细菌无扩增反应，重复性实验解链温度波动小于0.5 ℃。179例临床样本中，以培养法、镜检法、病理诊断等"金标准"方法诊断IFI阳性为112例，多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法检测阳性为96例。多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法同时检测假丝酵母菌、曲霉菌及新型隐球菌的敏感度为0.857，特异度为0.970，阳性预测值为0.980，阴性预测值为0.802，ROC曲线下面积为0.914，95%置信区间为0.868 ~ 0.959，P < 0.001。 结论本研究建立的多重荧光PCR-熔解曲线法可快速、准确、高通量同时检测假丝酵母菌、曲霉菌及新型隐球菌，对于IFI的早期诊断具有重要意义。     

A perspective on the use of Pleurotus for the development of convenient fungi-made oral subunit vaccines

This review provides an outlook of the medical applications of immunomodulatory compounds taken from Pleurotus and proposes this fungus as a convenient host for the development of innovative vaccines. Although some fungal species, such as Saccharomyces and Pichia, occupy a relevant position in the biopharmaceutical field, these systems are essentially limited to the production of conventional expensive vaccines. Formulations made with minimally processed biomass constitute the ideal approach for developing low cost vaccines, which are urgently needed by low-income populations. The use of edible fungi has not been explored for the production and delivery of low cost vaccines, despite these organisms’ attractive features. These include the fact that edible biomass can be produced at low costs in a short period of time, its high biosynthetic capacity, its production of immunomodulatory compounds, and the availability of genetic transformation methods. Perspectives associated to this biotechnological application are identified and discussed.     

真菌抗氧化酶的研究进展

真菌对抗宿主的氧化损伤作用是真菌能顺利入侵宿主的一个重要因素。抗氧化酶的调节是真菌发挥抗氧化作用的重要途径之一，也是目前研究的热点。其中，抗氧化酶包括过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、硫氧还蛋白系统以及海藻糖酶系统。几种常见真菌的抗氧化酶及编码抗氧化酶的相关基因的研究取得了进展，包括编码过氧化氢酶的相关基因如CTT1、CATA；编码超氧化物歧化酶的SOD基因；谷胱甘肽系统相关的GRX、GST基因；编码硫氧还蛋白系统的TRX、TRR基因以及海藻糖系统相关的TPS、ATH1基因等。     

Human immunodeficiency virus and fungal infections

The discovery of HIV was largely due to the presence of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in young patients that did not have the usual known causes of immune deficiencies in the early 1980s. Currently, treatment with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and the use of prophylaxis for PCP have lowered the frequency of fungal infections; however, these infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in those patients that fall out or are not in care. The frequency of specific fungal diseases in HIV patients will depend on the prevalence of fungi in the particular geographic location. Nowadays, superficial and invasive Candida infections, PCP, and cryptococci are the most frequent fungal infections seen in HIV positive patients worldwide. The role of pathology in diagnosing fungal infections is crucial because a lesion may be biopsied without obtaining mycology cultures, certain organisms may take several weeks to grow, or the sample sent to the mycology laboratory may not have the organism. Following we will describe fungal infections that are particularly frequent in HIV infected patients and their key pathological features.     

银屑病与真菌及真菌感染的关系研究新进展

银屑病是一种常见的慢性炎症性皮肤病,发病率较高,病因复杂多样,发病机制尚未完全明了,严重影响患者心身健康和生活质量.近来研究发现,真菌及真菌感染可能是银屑病发生发展过程中的影响因素之一,可以互相影响,甚至有些治疗银屑病的生物制剂会诱发真菌感染.故有必要了解熟悉念珠菌、马拉色菌及皮肤癣菌与银屑病的相互关系及鉴别诊断.就这些病原真菌与银屑病关系的相关研究新进展进行概述,以期为银屑病的学术研究提供借鉴.     

新生儿败血症病原学特征分析

目的 探讨本院新生儿败血症病原菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素,促进医院感染的有效防控.方法 对2006年1月至2011年5月我院新生儿科收治的败血症患儿进行回顾性分析,按照发病时间分为早发型败血症及晚发型败血症,并根据发生感染的地点分为社区获得性感染及医院感染.结果 研究期间共收治新生儿败血症121例.早发型败血症50例(41.3％),病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,共40例(80％),其中含产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLS)株5例(10％),革兰阳性凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌10例(20％).晚发型败血症71例(58.6％),其中社区感染56例(78.9％),病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,共30例(42.2％),革兰阴性杆菌26例(36.6％);医院感染15例(21.1％),革兰阴性杆菌7例(9.9％),其中产ESBLs株4例(5.6％),革兰阳性凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌4例(5.6％),真菌4例(5.6％),均为白色念珠菌.结论 早发型败血症及晚发型败血症、社区获得性败血症及医院感染败血症病原谱不同,均有多重耐药菌产生.