上海南汇潮滩表层中多环芳烃分布特征及环境意义

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析了上海南汇淤泥质潮滩６，８两月表层沉积物中有机污染物多环芳烃，结果表明，该区在６月和８月８潮滩中ＰＡＨ组化芘，苯并芘及黄蒽具有较高的含量，并且在ＰＡＨ总量中所占比重也产大，在潮滩沉积物中已呈明显富集的趋势。     

我国一些城市污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

应用GC／MS对我国内地和香港地区共11个城市污泥中的17种多环芳烃化合物（PAHs）进行了研究，各城市污泥中∑PAHs的含量在2．271－143．804mg/lg之间，依次为兰州污泥＞珠海污泥＞北京污泥＞广州污泥＞佛山污泥＞无锡污泥＞沙田污泥（香港）＞元朗污泥（香港）＞大埔污泥（香港）＞西安污染＞深圳污泥，含量较高的化合物主要是蒽、荧蒽、苯并（a）蒽和屈等，珠海污泥和北京污泥的苯并(a）芘含量超过我国城市污泥农用标准，各化合物的最高含量分别分布在兰州污泥、珠海污泥、北京污泥和广州污泥中，各城市污泥中的PAHs具有不同的分布特征，均以少数化合物为主，主要是3和4个苯环的化合物，2、5和6个苯环的化合物含量普遍较低。     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.     

珠江三角洲一些菜地土壤中多环芳烃的含量及来源

为了探讨珠江三角洲中心区经济发达地带的多环芳烃污染水平,为有关部门制定相关的环保政策提供依据,分析了55个分别采自广州、东莞以及佛山郊区表层菜地中土壤样品的多环芳烃的含量.16种EPA(美国环保署)规定的优先控制多环芳烃含量为58～3077 μg·kg-1,均值为315 μg·kg-1,相对于土壤标准和世界其它地区的检测结果属于中等程度污染.分析结果表明,土壤中多环芳烃的含量同土壤总有机碳、碳黑存在着显著的线性关系.通过几个常用参数分析得知,广州、东莞及佛山的多环芳烃污染来源于石化污染以及化石燃料、生物质和煤炭的燃烧.据估算,广州、东莞及佛山0～20 cm表层土壤中多环芳烃类的储量为1292t.     

中国南方某城市自来水厂处理工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果研究

讨论了中国南方某城市自来水厂饮用水中的多环芳烃残留规律以及现有净水工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果。研究结果表明,该自来水厂饮用水中检出多环芳烃以2~4环芳烃为主,强致癌性高环数多环芳烃均在检出限以下,且多环芳烃总量未超出中国供水行业标准(2000年)的相关限值。各处理工艺段中,砂滤过程对多环芳烃的去除效果最好,相较于原水对多环芳烃总量的去除率可达64%。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation and surface waters of Northern Greece

Bulk (wet and dry) precipitation and surface water sampling was undertaken in the main plain of central Macedonia in Northern Greece. Fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) included in the US EPA's priority pollutant list were analysed. The concentrations determined in bulk precipitation were in general within the range of values worldwide reported. Concentrations were highest in the cold months. Deposition fluxes of PAHs were of the same order of magnitude as reported data. The greatest values were found when high concentrations of PAHs in precipitation coincided with large precipitation amounts. The concentrations of PAHs in surface waters (main rivers, tributaries, ditches, etc) were in general lower than those in bulk precipitation, and among the lowest reported for European rivers, excepting Np and Ph. Bulk deposition and domestic effluents are suggested as being the main PAH sources into surface waters.     

Trace elements, organochlorines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and furans in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal

During the winter of 1993-94, male lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) were collected on the heavily polluted Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC), East Chicago, IN, USA, and examined for tissue contaminant levels. Lesser scaup collected on the IHC had higher concentrations of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organchlorine pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic hydrocarbons than reference birds. Of the scaup collected on the IHC, 44% had Cd concentrations in the liver considered above background for freshwater waterfowl (>3 microg/g dry wt.), 50% had Se concentrations in the liver above a level possibly harmful to the health of young and adult birds (>33 microg/g dry wt.), and 88% of the scaup carcasses exceeded the PCB human consumption guidelines for edible poultry in the USA (>3.0 microg/g lipid wt.). The ratio of pristane:n-heptadecane concentrations in 47% of lesser scaup collected on IHC was elevated above 1.0, which is indicative of chronic exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons.     

Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in microlayer and subsurface waters along Alexandria coast,Egypt

The residues of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutants in microlayer and subsurface seawater samples collected from Alexandria coast, Egypt, were analyzed by gas chromatography–electron-impact mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode (GC–MS-SIM). The pollutants studied were, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene. Total PAH levels in microlayer ranged from 103 to 523 ng/l, while it ranged in subsurface samples from 13 to 120 ng/l. The Western Harbor location recorded the highest level of PAHs pollutant over all the other location for both subsurface and microlayer waters. The two major PAHs in microlayer water at the Western Harbor were fluorene and phenanthrene, making up 27% and 20% of the total PAHs, while the two major PAHs in subsurface water at the Eastern Harbor were phenanthrene and fluoranthene recording up 21% each of the total PAHs. The total PAH levels were generally in the nano-gram per liter for microlayer and subsurface seawater samples. The dominant PAHs in both subsurface and microlayer samples were fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. The microlayer enrichment factor at Alexandria’s Mediterranean coast was ranged from 29 for fluorene to 3 for phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene which showed PAHs concentration in the microlayer with an average of five times more than the total PAH in the subsurface samples.     

北江汛期清远段多环芳烃的污染特征与风险评估

2016年7月于北江清远段采集21个水和表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）法测定了样品中的PAHs（多环芳烃）含量,分析了北江水环境中PAHs的污染水平,并对其生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,水中ρ（∑PAHs）介于0.4~110.2 ng/L,表层沉积物中w（∑PAHs）（以干质量计,下同）在54.4~819.8 ng/g之间,平均值分别为41.7 ng/L和424.9 ng/g.与国内水体PAHs污染状况相比,北江清远段水中PAHs污染状况处于中低水平,而表层沉积物污染状况处于中等水平.运用特征比值法对PAHs来源进行分析表明,PAHs主要来源为石油泄漏、化石燃料燃烧.采用商值法对水中PAHs进行生态风险评价,∑PAHs和个别单体的最低风险浓度风险商值大于1.0而最高风险浓度风险商值小于1.0,处于中等污染水平;采用效应区间低、中值法对表层沉积物PAHs进行生态风险评价,仅个别点位表层沉积物中苊烯、蒽和二苯并[a,h]蒽超出生态效应低值,对生态环境潜在负面效应较小.研究显示,北江水和沉积物中PAHs潜在风险处于较低水平.      

臭氧-生物活性炭对微污染原水中典型持久性有机物的去除效果

以长三角地区J市典型有机微污染水源P水厂为研究对象,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对微污染水源水中有机物的去除效果.结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理使高锰酸盐指数、总有机碳(TOC)和UV254的平均去除率分别提升19. 2%、10. 4%和23. 0%.水厂原水中检出8种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、16种有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、5种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs),其总浓度分别为53. 9~100. 0、6. 5~41. 8、2. 5×103~1. 1×104ng·L~(-1),臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对多环芳烃和有机氯农药的平均去除率分别为32. 5%和25. 9%,比常规处理工艺出水的水质有显著提升.卤乙酸的去除率为33. 8%~87. 0%,主要通过常规处理工艺去除;臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对氯代乙酸略有去除,溴代乙酸有少量生成.