低盐咸蛋的腌制工艺及其品质研究

提出一种两段腌制法制备低盐咸蛋的方法,分别对两段法腌制过程中咸蛋蛋白和蛋黄的水分含量、盐分含量进行实时检测,考察腌制结束时蛋黄的出油率,并且对咸蛋品质进行综合感官评定。结果表明,先使用19%盐水再换用3.5%盐水的两段法腌制工艺,咸蛋产品中蛋白盐分含量为3.64%,比传统法腌制产品蛋白盐分含量降低51.21%,口感适宜;蛋黄含盐量为0.94%,略低于传统法腌制的1.23%;蛋黄脂质渗出率为67.73%,与传统法腌制的69.22%基本相当。该腌制工艺不仅可解决传统咸蛋蛋白盐分过高、口感过咸的问题,同时也可保证蛋黄松沙出油,从而获得高品质的低盐咸蛋。     

高通量测序技术分析鸭皮中耐热菌群

鸭皮作为肉制品中常用的添加原料,其在不同热杀菌处理状态下的微生物多样性研究非常重要。将鸭皮分别在60、70、80、90、100、110、120℃条件下热处理后25℃恒温放置1周,通过高通量测序分析鸭皮的微生物多样性。结果表明:60℃热处理的鸭皮中主要菌属为假单胞菌属(33.52%)和不动杆菌属(18.55%),70℃热处理的鸭皮中主要菌属为不动杆菌属(18.46%)、狭义厌氧梭菌属18(12.41%)、变形杆菌属(11.04%)、假单胞菌属(10.17%)、狭义厌氧梭菌属7(8.62%),80、90℃热处理的鸭皮中优势菌属为狭义厌氧梭菌属18,相对丰度分别为63.04%和84.11%,100℃热处理组优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属(49.50%)、狭义厌氧梭菌属18(29.19%)和厌氧杆菌属(17.20%),110℃热处理组优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属(99.23%),120℃热处理组优势菌属为狭义厌氧梭菌属18(52.41%)、芽孢杆菌属(33.07%)和狭义厌氧梭菌属7(12.23%);样品聚类和β-多样性分析表明,温度对鸭皮中的细菌群落组成和丰度差异影响较大。     

Quality of dried white salted noodles affected by microbial transglutaminase

To examine the potential application of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) in oriental noodle making, the effects of various MTGase addition levels on the rheological, textural and structural properties of noodles were investigated using good quality (‘Red Bicycle’) and poor quality (‘Sandow’) wheat flours. Addition of MTGase at 5–20 g kg^?1 levels, but not at 1 g kg^?1 level, to the two different wheat flours decreased rapid visco‐analyser (RVA) parameters of hot paste viscosity and final viscosity while increasing breakdown. For fresh white salted noodle dough sheets, the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased significantly at 1 g kg^?1 MTGase addition for both types of flour, but there was no clear trend with higher levels of MTGase. For dried white salted noodles, textural parameters (tensile force, hardness and gumminess) generally increased, cooking loss was little affected and the yield of the cooked noodle was significantly decreased by MTGase. Color was slightly adversely affected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that physical properties of dry noodles were improved through the formation of cross‐links [ε‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine] by MTGase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

盐渍藠头发酵过程中乳酸菌的分离及特性研究

对盐渍藠头发酵过程中不同时期的乳酸菌进行了分离、鉴定及特性研究,从中分离出9种菌株。通过菌落形态、培养特征和生化试验等鉴定表明,这9种菌株分别为植物乳球菌、发酵乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、菊糖芽孢杆菌、乳酸链球菌、肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种、植物乳杆菌、皱膜假丝酵母、膜醭毕赤氏酵母菌。并观察了发酵过程中各个时期的主导菌相,最后得出短乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌可作为盐渍藠头发酵过程中人工接种的试验菌株。     

Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for species identification of goose and mule duck in foie gras products

Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a conserved region of the -actin gene has been used for the specific identification of goose (Anser anser) and mule duck (Anas platyrhynchos×Cairina moschata) foie gras. Universal primers were used for the amplification of a DNA fragment containing three introns and four exons of the -actin gene in goose and mule duck. Sequence analysis of the amplified fragments was necessary for the design of forward species-specific primers in the goose and mule duck -actin genes. The use of species-specific forward primers, together with a reverse universal primer, produced amplicons of different length, allowing clear identification of goose and mule duck foie gras samples. Analysis of experimental mixtures demonstrated that 1% of duck can be easily detected in goose foie gras using the PCR method developed here. This genetic marker can be very useful for the accurate identification of these two species in foie gras products.     

风鸭腌制新技术

采用正交试验设计，探讨了蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味和游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭发色的影响。结果表明，蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味及游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭的发色，均有显著性的影响。其最佳腌制条件：蛋白酶种类为毛霉蛋白酶 青霉蛋白酶 木瓜蛋白酶，腌制时间5h，腌制温度18℃，亚销酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠和乳酸用量分别为100mg/kg、300mg/kg和250mg/kg。     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

Changes in taste compounds of duck during processing

Nanjing cooked duck is one of the few low temperature cooked meat products in traditional Chinese featured meat products. It is famous for its delicate processing, savoury, and tender flavour. Taste compounds of Nanjing cooked duck during processing, namely free amino acids, peptides and nucleotides, were analyzed. During boiling, both free amino acids and flavour nucleotides decreased significantly. Most peptides decreased during processing and the changes of total peptides were consistent with the nucleotides. Results showed that the special processes before boiling, especially brining, produced an increased of effect on the taste compounds, which could be the reason for the savoury taste of Nanjing cooked duck.     

苦荞麦保健醋酿造工艺研究

以苦荞为原料，辅加10％的复合果汁，采用液体深层发酵生产工艺，研究了发酵过程中各主要成分的变化，并确定了加工工艺参数。酒精发酵采用耐高温活性酒精干酵母(TH-AADY)，添加量为0．2g／L，发酵温度30℃，发酵时间3～4d；醋酸发酵采用AS1.41，发酵温度35℃，发酵时间3～4d．醋酸可达4．9g／100mL以上。