胰岛素通过PI3K/AKT及PI3K/ERK通路减轻脂多糖对钠泵α1亚基的抑制

目的:研究胰岛素减轻脂多糖对肺泡II型上皮细胞Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基表达抑制的分子机制。方法:以A549细胞为研究对象,脂多糖（1 μg/mL）诱导8 h后,再加用胰岛素（100 nmol/L）处理4 h,采用Western blot法检测Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基表达及AKT、ERK1/2、p70s6k、NEDD4-2总蛋白表达及其磷酸化水平变化。结果:A549细胞在1 μg/mL脂多糖作用下,Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基蛋白表达显著降低。胰岛素处理可部分解除脂多糖对A549细胞Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基表达的抑制。胰岛素上调Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基表达是通过改变PI3K/AKT及PI3K/ERK通路中关键蛋白AKT、NEDD4-2、ERK1/2、p70s6k的磷酸化水平来实现的。结论:胰岛素通过调控PI3K/AKT及PI3K/ERK通路部分解除脂多糖对肺泡II型上皮细胞Na+-K+-ATPase α1亚基表达的抑制,这为临床上采用胰岛素干预急性呼吸窘迫综合征提供了初步实验依据。     

SNI小鼠中调控ROS对疼痛和脊髓Pink1蛋白的影响及机制研究

目的:观察C57/BL6小鼠坐骨神经分支选择性损伤（spared nerve injury,SNI）后降低氧化应激反应对机械痛和脊髓中Pink1的表达影响,并探讨神经性疼痛中氧化应激对Pink1的可能的作用机制。方法:取60只小鼠,随机分为对照组（Control）、假手术组（Sham）、手术组（SNI）、SNI+Saline、SNI+苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化物（phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone,PBN）5组。Control组不作任何处理,Sham组切开皮肤,分离出坐骨神经三支分支后缝合皮肤;SNI组游离并保留腓肠神经分支,结扎并切断胫神经;分别于14 d之后进行机械痛阈值检测。测定行为学后SNI组分别注射生理盐水（0.9%NaCl）和PBN。进行行为学测定,并分别检测氧化应激（GSH、SOD）水平;Western blot法检测腰段脊髓蛋白水平Pink1的表达变化。结果:SNI组与Control和Sham组相比,机械痛阈值显著降低,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）;SNI组腰段脊髓ROS水平升高（P<0.05）,注射PBN后ROS水平降低（P<0.001）;SNI小鼠中Pink1在蛋白水平表达增多（P<0.001）,降低ROS后脊髓中Pink1在蛋白水平表达降低（P<0.01）。结论:神经病理痛中降低线粒体内ROS水平则会改善小鼠神经性疼痛,靶向减少ROS的产生和改善Pink1有助于神经病理痛的治疗。     

Label‐free monitoring of inflammatory tissue conditions using a carrageenan‐induced acute inflammation rat model

Although the confirmation of inflammatory changes within tissues at the onset of various diseases is critical for the early detection of disease and selection of appropriate treatment, most therapies are based on complex and time‐consuming diagnostic procedures. Raman spectroscopy has the ability to provide non‐invasive, real‐time, chemical bonding analysis through the inelastic scattering of photons. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a new, easy, fast, and accurate diagnostic method to support diagnostic decisions. The molecular changes in carrageenan‐induced acute inflammation rat tissues were assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Volumes of 0 (control), 100, 150, and 200 µL of 1% carrageenan were administered to rat hind paws to control the degree of inflammation. The prominent peaks at [1,062, 1,131] cm^?1 and [2,847, 2,881] cm^?1 were selected as characteristic measurements corresponding to the C–C stretching vibrational modes and the symmetric and asymmetric C–H (CH₂) stretching vibrational modes, respectively. Principal component analysis of the inflammatory Raman spectra enabled graphical representation of the degree of inflammation through principal component loading profiles of inflammatory tissues on a two‐dimensional plot. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis represents a promising method for detecting biomolecular responses based on different types of inflammatory tissues.     

汽车半主动乘员约束防护系统设计与动力学建模仿真

设计了一种汽车的半主动乘员约束防护系统,该系统能根据反应时间余量来判断车辆发生碰撞的可能性,不同的可能性对应不同的危险等级,当危险能避免时则发出警报提醒驾驶员主动避免,不能避免时提前启动乘员约束保护装置。通过仿真分析软件MADYMO建立了汽车正面碰撞模型,并经试验验证了其正确性。对所设计的安全带预紧装置与座椅坐垫倾角调整装置进行仿真,然后与传统的被动执行机构仿真结果进行对比。结果表明：半主动乘员防护系统可提前实现安全带预紧和座椅坐垫倾角的调整,相比传统的被动防护系统中碰撞后火药预紧与座椅坐垫倾角不变,乘员的头部、髋部伤害略有减小,颈部弯矩峰值、胸部加速度、胸部压缩量分别减小了20.6%、14.6%、15.6%。所设计的半主动约束防护系统能有效减轻乘员的损伤。     

Identification of peptide-mediated interactions between human PTTG and SH3 domains in pALL gene expression profile

Human pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) plays an essential role in the development and progression of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL). PTTG has two SH3-binding peptide motifs that can be recognized by a variety of SH3-containing proteins in the pALL through peptide-mediated interactions. In this study, the gene expression profile of pALL was examined in detail by integrating computational modeling and experimental assay, aiming to identify those potential partner proteins of human PTTG. The binding potency of domain candidates to peptide motifs was ranked using knowledge-based scoring and fluorescence titration. A number of SH3 domains found in a variety of pALL proteins were identified as potent binders with moderate or high affinity for PTTG. It is revealed that the PTTG peptide motifs show different affinity profiles for various candidate proteins, indicating that the PTTG selectivity is optimized across pALL gene expression space. The PTTG peptides were then mutated rationally to target the SH3 domains of identified partner proteins by competing with the native peptide motifs.     

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Differences in Molecular Mechanism of Atherosclerosis Related and Non-Related to Chronic Kidney Disease

The major cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is atherosclerosis related to traditional and non-traditional risk factors. However, the understanding of the molecular specificity that distinguishes the risk factors for classical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CKD-related atherosclerosis (CKD-A) is far from complete. In this study we investigated the disease-related differences in the proteomes of patients with atherosclerosis related and non-related to CKD. Plasma collected from patients in various stages of CKD, CVD patients without symptoms of kidney dysfunction, and healthy volunteers (HVs), were analyzed by a coupled label-free and mass spectrometry approach. Dysregulated proteins were confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All proteomic data were correlated with kidney disease development and were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. One hundred sixty-two differentially expressed proteins were identified. By directly comparing the plasma proteomes from HVs, CKD, and CVD patients in one study, we demonstrated that proteins involved in inflammation, blood coagulation, oxidative stress, vascular damage, and calcification process exhibited greater alterations in patients with atherosclerosis related with CKD. These data indicate that the above nontraditional risk factors are strongly specific for CKD-A and appear to be less essential for the development of “classical” CVD.     

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with end‐stage kidney disease on hemodialysis

The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in hemodialysis patients with spirometry and to examine the effects of fluid removal by hemodialysis on lung volumes. Patients ≥18 years at two Danish hemodialysis centers were included. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV₁/FVC ratio were measured with spirometry before and after hemodialysis. The diagnosis of COPD was based on both the GOLD criteria and the lower limit of normal criteria. There were 372 patients in treatment at the two centers, 255 patients (69%) completed spirometry before dialysis and 242 of these (65%) repeated the test after. In the initial test, 117 subjects (46%) had airflow limitation indicative of COPD with GOLD criteria and 103 subjects (40.4%) with lower limit of normal criteria; COPD was previously diagnosed in 24 patients (9%). Mean FVC and FEV₁ decreased mildly after dialysis (FVC: 2.84 to 2.79 L, P < 0.01. FEV₁: 1.97 to 1.93 L, P < 0.01) Hemodialysis did not affect the FEV₁/FVC ratio or number of subjects with airflow limitation indicative of COPD (113 vs. 120, P = 0.324; n = 242). COPD is a frequent and underdiagnosed comorbidity in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Spirometry should be considered in all patients on dialysis in order to address dyspnea adequately. Hemodialysis induced a small fall in mean FEV₁ and FVC, which was more pronounced in patients with little or no fluid removal, but the FEV₁/FVC ratio and the number of subjects with airflow limitation indicative of COPD were not affected by dialysis.     

Vehicle mass and injury risk in two-car crashes: A novel methodology

This paper introduces a novel methodology based on disaggregate analysis of two-car crash data to estimate the partial effects of mass, through the velocity change, on absolute driver injury risk in each of the vehicles involved in the crash when absolute injury risk is defined as the probability of injury when the vehicle is involved in a two-car crash. The novel aspect of the introduced methodology is in providing a solution to the issue of lack of data on the speed of vehicles prior to the crash, which is required to calculate the velocity change, as well as a solution to the issue of lack of information on non-injury two-car crashes in national accident data. These issues have often led to focussing on relative measures of injury risk that are not independent of risk in the colliding cars. Furthermore, the introduced methodology is used to investigate whether there is any effect of vehicle size above and beyond that of mass ratio, and whether there are any effects associated with the gender and age of the drivers. The methodology was used to analyse two-car crashes to investigate the partial effects of vehicle mass and size on absolute driver injury risk. The results confirmed that in a two-car collision, vehicle mass has a protective effect on its own driver injury risk and an aggressive effect on the driver injury risk of the colliding vehicle. The results also confirmed that there is a protective effect of vehicle size above and beyond that of vehicle mass for frontal and front to side collisions.     

Life satisfaction and self-reported problems after spinal cord injury: Measurement of underlying dimensions.

Objective: Evaluate the utility of the current 7-scale structure of the Life Situation Questionnaire—Revised (LSQ–R) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and explore the factor structure of each set of items. Design: Adults (N = 1,543) with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) were administered the 20 satisfaction and 30 problems items from the LSQ–R. Results: CFA suggests that the existing 7-scale structure across the 50 items was within the acceptable range (root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.078), although it fell just outside of this range for women. Factor analysis revealed 3 satisfaction factors and 6 problems factors. The overall fit of the problems items (RMSEA = 0.070) was superior to that of the satisfaction items (RMSEA = 0.80). RMSEA fell just outside of the acceptable range for Whites and men on the satisfaction scales. All scales had acceptable internal consistency. Conclusion: Results suggest the original scoring of the LSQ–R remains viable, although individual results should be reviewed for special population. Factor analysis of subsets of items allows satisfaction and problems items to be used independently, depending on the study purpose. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of osteoporosis on AIS 3+ injury risk in motor-vehicle crashes

Older occupants in motor-vehicle crashes are more likely to experience injury than younger occupants. One possible reason for this is that increasing age is associated with increased prevalence of osteoporosis, which decreases bone strength.Crash-injury data were used with Bayes’ Theorem to estimate the conditional probability of AIS 3+ skeletal injury given that an occupant is osteoporotic for the injury to the head, spine, thorax, lower extremities, and upper extremities. This requires the conditional probabilities of osteoporosis given AIS 3+ injury for each of the body regions, which were determined from analysis of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network database. It also requires information on probability of osteoporosis in the crash-involved population and the probabilities of AIS 3+ skeletal injury to different body regions in crashes. The latter probabilities were obtained from the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database. The former was obtained by modeling the probability of osteoporosis in the US populations using data from the 2006 National Health Examination Nutrition Survey and applying this model to the estimate of the crash-involved population in NASS-CDS. To attempt to account for the effects of age on injury outcome that are independent of osteoporosis, only data from occupants who were 60 years of age or older were used in all analyses.Results indicate that the only body region that experiences a statistically significant change in fracture injury risk with osteoporosis is the spine, for which osteoporosis increases the risk of AIS 3+ fracture by 3.28 times, or from 0.41% to 1.34% (p < 0.0001). This finding suggests that the increase in AIS 3+ injury risk with age for non-spine injuries is likely influenced by factors other than osteoporosis.