Determination of biogenic amines in sucuk

The biogenic amines content of sucuk (Turkish dry fermented sausage) were determined on 30 samples obtained from retail markets and butchers in Turkey. Also, pH and a_w values, microbiological properties, and NPN levels of these samples were analyzed. The most important biogenic amines were tyramine (range 2.4–676 mg/kg), followed by putrescine varied from not detected to 364 mg/kg. Histamine content was under 50 mg/kg in 80% of the samples while it was over 100 mg/kg in only one sample. Tryptamine was detected in 16 of 30 samples in the range of 1.2–82.3 mg/kg.

Lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae counts of samples varied from 2.84 to 8.85 log cfu/g, <2.00 to 6.74 log cfu/g, and <2.00 to 5.04 log cfu/g, respectively. pH values were varied between 4.53 and 6.29 while water activity (a_w) were measured to be between 0.761 and 0.960. NPN values were determined to be between 1.47% and 4.10%. Generally, total amine content was high in samples that had high NPN levels.     

干旱区草型湖泊湿地价值量化评估

以典型干旱区草型湖泊乌梁素海湿地为研究区,在实地调查和试验的基础上,依据资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法,针对乌梁素海湿地资源的特点,对乌梁素海湿地的价值进行了货币化评估.评估结果表明,乌梁素海湿地的总价值为28.24亿元,其中直接实物产品价值为7 164.70万元,直接非实物服务价值为18 193.43万元,间接价值为81 960.58万元,目前非使用类价值为17.51亿元.只有合理开发乌梁素海湿地资源,保护好这一对区域环境具有重要意义的干旱区湿地生态系统,才能实现乌梁素海湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济的可持续发展.     

Absorption of tricarballylic acid from the rumen of sheep and cattle fed forages containing trans-aconitic acid

Some forages accumulate high concentrations (< 5% of dry matter) of trans-aconitate, and this acid has been implicated in Mg chelation and the occurrence of grass tetany in ruminants. In vitro experiments have indicated that rumen microorganisms convert trans-aconitate to tricarballylate. The feeding studies described here were conducted to demonstrate absorption of tricarballylate by ruminant animals fed diets similar to those producing grass tetany. When sheep were switched from a diet containing alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) hay (no detectable trans-aconitate) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) forage containing 1.52 and 1.37% trans-aconitate, respectively, there was a rapid increase in blood plasma tricarballylate. Trans-aconitate was not detected in the plasma. At 16 h after feeding, plasma tricarballylate concentrations were 0.58.0.08 and 0.48.0.21 mM in sheep fed the wheat and rye forage, respectively. Tricarballylate concentrations remained relatively constant for the remaining 60 h of the experiment. Cattle were fed rye forage one week later, and the concentration of trans-aconitate in the forage had dropped to 0.83% of the dry matter. Once again there was a rapid appearance of tricarballylate in plasma, but the maximum concentration was 0.31.0.05 mM (t = 27 h). When the cattle were removed from the rye forage, there was a linear decline in tricarballylate and none was detected 24 h later. The studies indicated that trans-aconitate is converted to tricarballylate in the rumen and that tricarballylate rather than trans-aconitate is absorbed.     

基于连续小波变换的地下储存CO2泄漏高光谱遥感监测

为尝试应用高光谱遥感监测地表植被变化而间接探测CO2轻微泄漏信息。试验于2008年5-9月在英国诺丁汉大学Sutton Bonington校区完成(52.8°N,1.2°W),以多年生黑麦草（cv Long Ley）为研究对象,测量了6次黑麦草冠层光谱,利用连续小波变换对其冠层光谱进行处理分析,寻找对CO2泄漏胁迫较为敏感的波段,从而实现CO2泄漏信息的识别。研究结果表明：随着CO2胁迫程度增大,黑麦草冠层光谱小波系数在680~760 nm范围内逐渐增大（负值）,在其他区域无明显变化;而在720~745 nm范围内黑麦草冠层光谱小波系数能量总和逐渐减小。黑麦草小波系数能量总和最大值波段位于725 nm附近,且725 nm处小波系数能量总和可以在整个生育期识别CO2泄漏胁迫下的黑麦草。因此,可以通过高光谱遥感监测地表植被而间接探测地下储存CO2轻微泄漏点,结果可为将来利用机载或星载高光谱遥感监测地下封存CO2泄漏点提供参考。     

Metal profiles used as environmental markers of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging resources

The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico serves an important role for feeding and developing sea turtles. High concentrations of metals detected in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Magdalena Bay prompted an investigation into the sources of metals in the region. We compared metal concentrations in sea turtle tissues with plant species found in their stomach contents, and with the same species of plants collected inside a sea turtle refuge area known as Estero Banderitas. Differences in the metal concentrations between marine plant species were minimal. Principal components analysis of the percent contribution of individual metals to the overall metal signature of each plant or tissue sample generated three principal components that explained 80.7% of the total variance in the data. The plant samples collected within Estero Banderitas formed a separate grouping from the green turtle tissue samples and the plants from the stomach contents. The plants in the stomach contents contained greater percent contributions of Cd and Zn than the plants collected inside the bay, while Pb and Mn contributed more to the metal profiles in the bay samples. The metal profiles in the sea turtle tissues more closely resembled the stomach contents than the same species of plants collected within Estero Banderitas, and suggest that sea turtles collected inside Magdalena Bay use foraging resources outside of the Estero Banderitas region. This work supports the suggestion that metal profiles can be used as "environmentally acquired markers" to improve our understanding of the extent of sea turtle foraging areas.     

Peanut milk and peanut milk based products production: a review

Since the early 1950s, numerous reports have been published suggesting that peanut milk and peanut milk based products can be prepared in a wide variety of ways. Emphasis has shifted from preparing inexpensive milk like beverages, very nutritious but somewhat lacking consumers appeal, to using the peanut milk or peanut protein isolates as an animal milk extender without changing flavor, to develop more attractive fermented products, and to precipitate proteins from the milk in order to get a curd called "tofu," and to produce cheese analogs. Great attention has been paid to the improvement of the stability, sensory properties, and shelf-life of the milk, using physical and chemical treatments. Many efforts have been deployed for supplementing the products. Thanks to recent advances, the removal of aflatoxin from peanut milk can be achieved using Flavobacterium aurantiacum as a biodegradater. It has also found application as liquid coffee whitener. However, despite all these developments and publications, there is still a need for much more diversified studies in order to definitely overcome the stability, the nutty flavor, and sensory problems always encountered when producing peanut milk and some peanut milk based products.     

Hypocholesterolemic Action of Fermented Brown Rice Supplement in Cholesterol-Fed Rats: Cholesterol-lowering Action of Fermented Brown Rice

Fermented rice products have been implicated in vascular injury and atherosclerosis in recent animal and human studies. In the current study, whether consumption of differently processed brown rice diets may change the cholesterol metabolism was evaluated in male Spraque Dawley (SD) rats after 28 d of treatment with diets containing 1% cholesterol. The experimental diets include corn starch alone as control diet (CO) or a diet containing a 50% substitute of CO; uncooked brown rice (UB), cooked brown rice (CB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), brown rice mixed with LAB (BLAB), and fermented‐brown rice by LAB (FB), respectively. Among them, FB group elicited significantly lower levels of plasma and hepatic triglycerides, plasma total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) by 33% to 50%, whereas higher levels of HDL‐C were elicited by 227% compared with the CO group (P < 0.05). These amelioration action on lipid profile in FB group appeared to correspondent to the higher excretions of fecal weight, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and bile acid (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sensory properties such as flavor liking, taste liking, and overall acceptability of the diet were significantly improved by the addition of fermented brown rice. Conclusively, fermented‐brown rice may have a potent cholesterol‐lowering benefits with sensory quality improvement of the diet.     

发酵牛乳酒的研制

用乳酸菌、酵母菌酵生产牛乳酒。由对比实验得出乳酸菌和酵母菌单独发酵优于混合发酵。通过正交实验确定牛乳酒的最佳发酵工艺条件为：原料乳加糖8%（质量分类），酵母菌（质量分数为8%）在30℃发酵22h，然后再添加乳酸菌（质量分数5%）在40℃下培养2h。成品指标：酒精度0.60%,乳酸度1.05%，口感细腻、滑润，酸度适中，无脂肪及上清液析出，凝乳状态良好，无渣状，乳白色不透明，有较浓厚的醇香味。     

冷藏对草鱼肉超微结构及代谢物的影响

为解析冷藏草鱼肉品质变化机制,本实验分别采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法和透射扫描电子显微镜分析了草鱼肉4 ℃冷藏0、24、72 h后小分子代谢物组成和超微结构变化。结果发现,随着冷藏时间延长,草鱼鱼肉肌纤维间隙变大、排列开始散乱,部分肌节发生断裂。代谢组学共鉴定到211 种代谢物,其中42 种代谢物的含量变化倍数超过1.5 倍（P＜0.05）。乳酸、磷酸累积是鱼肉pH值下降的主要原因。本研究发现三羧酸循环途径代谢物中只有琥珀酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,转化成4-羟基丁酸甲酯和γ-氨基丁酸,这3 种化合物水平可能是冷藏草鱼肉新鲜度潜在评价指标。多不饱和脂肪酸（如亚麻酸、花生四烯酸）含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,但壬二酸含量显著增加（P＜0.05）。冷藏过程中,缬氨酸、L-半胱氨酸含量显著增加（P＜0.05）。草鱼肉冷藏过程中,脂肪氧化先于蛋白质降解。草鱼肉中含有的植物次级代谢物（胡椒碱、柚皮素、茉莉酸甲酯、马钱子苷、α-蛔蒿素、枞酸、3,4-二羟基扁桃酸）可通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶影响鱼肉核苷酸代谢及鱼肉滋味。     

甘肃甘孜地区牧民家庭制作发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离及筛选

从甘肃甘孜地区传统发酵乳中采用稀释涂布、划线分离的方法分离得到55株乳酸菌,通过一级筛选:传代试验、凝乳时间、酸奶酸度、质构、保水率及凝乳时风味的感官评价,筛选出8株风味独特、凝乳时间短、遗传性状稳定的乳酸菌。通过二级筛选:后酸化能力、产乙醛能力、产双乙酰能力、冷藏过程中活菌数、耐酸、耐胆盐能力和抑菌能力,最后筛选出优良乳酸菌杆菌两株、球菌两株可作为发酵剂用于酸乳的生产。