Applications of Anaerobic Digestion for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters in Europe

For many decades, anaerobic digestion has been the most important technique of sewage sludge treatment at larger sewage-treatment works. Also, the low running costs of the process make it attractive for the treatment of strong industrial effluents. This paper reviews these advantages and discusses some disadvantages of the anaerobic treatment of industrial effluent. Operating and cost data are presented from Europe and from a detailed UK case study which supports the conclusion that anaerobic treatment will be the most cost-effective method of treatment of strong industrial effluents such as those from food and paper processing.     

The application of lead dioxide-coated titanium anode in the electroflotation of palm oil mill effluent

The electroflotation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using lead dioxide-coated titanium anode on a laboratory scale was described. The anode was found to be corrosion-resistant under the conditions of the experiment. The feasibility of the process was determined by monitoring the effluent quality as a function of electrolysis time. Simultaneous flotation of suspended particles and anodic destruction of soluble substances in POME were observed. About 40% of the COD of the dissolved substances of POME could be anodically destroyed together with 86% of suspended particles, made up of mainly plant cell debris, floated off. It is envisaged the electroflotation process could form the first stage of a treatment system with aerobic or physicochemical process as secondary treatment step.     

Electrodialysis for bleach effluent recycling in kraft pulp production: Simultaneous control of chloride and other non-process elements

In the United States, more than 50 million tons of kraft pulp are produced per year. A strong effort by kraft pulp producers has been under way for several years to reduce water use. The in-process recycling of the acidic bleach effluent carrying metals, transition metals, calcium, and often large amounts of chloride is still a significant challenge. The simultaneous selective removal of chloride, and detrimental cations from the acidic bleach effluent of bleached kraft pulp mills by electrodialysis was investigated. The laboratory results with actual effluents show that very good removal levels can be achieved in an economical process. The chloride removal from acidic bleach effluent will aid significantly in keeping chloride levels acceptable in the recovery cycle.     

正交试验优选控制初滤水浊度最佳工艺

降低初滤水浊度是提高出水水质的关键,以深圳水库水作为原水进行初滤水浊度控制的研究。通过正交试验方法,比较了四种影响初滤水浊度的因素。中试结果表明:降低沉后水浊度和采用二次微絮凝对改善初滤水浊度起主要作用,调节流速与向反冲洗残留水投药的影响较小,并提出了以二次微絮凝和调节过滤初期流速为控制初滤水浊度的组合工艺,采用聚氯化铝作为微絮凝剂,投加量0.2mg/L,调节初滤水流速从3m/h到8m/h,时间间隔10min。     

Towards the integration of dark and photo fermentative waste treatment. 1. Hydrogen photoproduction by purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus using potential products of starch fermentation

In this study, the H₂-photoproduction capacity of Rhodobacter capsulatus B10 was measured as a function of variations in the nature and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and other products of dark fermentation. When an equimolar mixture of VFAs was provided, C4 substrates (butyrate and isobutyrate) were not consumed until the C2–C3 substrates (acetate, propionate, and lactate) became unavailable, but in order for the cells to produce H₂ at high rates they could not be exposed to severe growth substrate depletion. Among other possible fermentation products, the highest inhibition was observed by the addition of butanol (50% inhibition at 50 mM). The influence of high concentrations of VFAs, phosphate (used to stabilize the pH during dark fermentation) and some heavy metals (known inhibitors of methanogenesis) was also shown. Based on the results, the conditions of fermentation can be manipulated to avoid the inhibition of subsequent H₂ photoproduction by photosynthetic bacteria.     

Effect of Ozone Pretreatment on Biodegradability Enhancement and Biogas Generation Potential From Biomethanated Distillery Effluent

The study evaluates the effect of ozone pretreatment on biodegradability enhancement of biomethanated distillery effluent. Results revealed that ozone pretreatment led to biodegradability index (BI = BOD/COD) enhancement up to 0.58 along with COD, color and toxicity reduction of up to 33%, 25% and 40%, respectively. Anaerobic digestion of pretreated effluent resulted in favorable biogas generation with methane content, yield and COD reduction of up to 62%, 39 mL/g COD and 57%, respectively. Kinetics of biogas generation determined by modified Gompertz model indicated methane production potential and production rate of 48.08 mL/g COD and 8.085 mL/g COD.day respectively under optimal conditions.     

Photocatalytic degradation of dairy effluent using AgTiO2 nanostructures/polyurethane nanofiber membrane

Dairy effluent (DE) is environmentally toxic and needs special attention. Photocatalytic degradation of DE was studied using novel polyurethane (PU)-based membranes. Typically, silver–titanium dioxide nanofibers (AgTiO₂ NFs) and silver–titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgTiO₂ NPs) were individually incorporated in PU electrospun nanofibers to overcome the mandatory sophisticated separation of the nanocatalysts, which can create a secondary pollution, after the treatment process. These nanomembranes were characterized in SEM, TEM, XRD and UV studies. The polymeric electrospun nanofibers were smooth and continuous, with an average diameter of about 550 nm, and held their nanofibrous morphology even after more than 2 h of photocatalytic degradation of DE, due to the good stability of PU in the aqueous solutions, which indicates good imprisoning of the functional photocatalysts. The PU–AgTiO₂ NPs and PU–AgTiO₂ NFs were effective materials for degradation of DE, even after two successive cycles. PU–AgTiO₂ NPs and PU–AgTiO₂ NFs showed a maximum degradation of 75% and 95%, respectively after 2 h. The significant enhancement of degradation in the PU–Ag–TiO₂ NPs and PU–Ag–TiO₂ NFs is attributed to the photoactivity of Ag–TiO₂ material under visible light irradiation.     

电镀废水化学处理稳定达标难的原因分析

废水处理是电镀集中区建设成功的关键,政府和企业投入了大量的资源,但经常没有好的结果,本文根据电镀废水的特点、废水分质现状、处理能力,结合电镀废水处理的工程设计特点、电镀添加剂等相关现状,分析导致废水处理效果波动的原因,希望对电镀废水处理的稳定达标有所帮助。     

Removal of dissolved estrogen in sewage effluents by β-cyclodextrin polymer

Substances with estrogenic activity are found in effluents of municipal sewage plants and dairy farms. These effluents have the potential to induce feminization in male fish. In this study, cyclodextrin polymers (CDPs) that are insoluble in both polar and non-polar solvents were selected for the removal of dissolved estrogens in the effluent of a municipal sewage plant. The removal capacity of CDPs was high in the order of β-CDP ≥ γ-CDP ? α-CDP. The mechanism for adsorption of estrogens to β-CDP was not only due to a host-guest interaction as molecular recognition by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), but also due to adsorption by the polymer matrix. β-CDP of 0.2% (w/v) removed 17β-estradiol (E2) of about 70% from 10⁻¹¹ mol/L, and more than 90% from ≥ 10⁻¹⁰ mol/L. The removal ratios of E2 in the presence of cholesterols, which are contained at higher concentrations than estrogens in sewage effluents and are adsorptive competitor for β-CDP, were about 85% at a cholesterol/E2 molar ratio of 100 and > 90% at molar ratios of 0.1, 1, and 10. The effluent from a municipal sewage plant had estrogenic activity corresponding to 5.5 × 10⁻¹¹ molE2/L by yeast two-hybrid assay. The estrogens in the effluent were also removed > 90% by the β-CDP treatment. Therefore, β-CDP is able to remove dissolved estrogens over a wide range of concentrations in the presence of various contaminants such as wastewaters.     

滤布滤池强化处理城市二级出水中试研究

采用滤布滤池对南方某城市污水处理厂二级出水进行强化除磷中试研究,以达到中水回用的目的。试验选用氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为强化滤布滤池除磷效果的混凝剂。当不投加混凝剂时,滤布滤池对TP和浊度的平均去除率为28.76%和50%,且对TP去除效果受进水水质影响较大;当投加氯化铁、聚合氯化铝铁与聚合氯化铝强化滤布滤池时,滤布滤池对TP的平均去除率分别为63.58%、60.13%和66.94%,对TP去除效果受进水水质影响较小,对浊度平均去除率分别为37.8%、67.6%和79%。