Crop yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil as affected by 23 annual applications of fertilizer and manure in the rainfed region of Northwestern China

Application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure affects crop productivity and improves nutrient cycling within soil–plant systems, but the magnitude varies with soil-climatic conditions. A long-term (1982–2004) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers and farmyard swine manure (M) on seed and straw yield, protein concentration, and N uptake in the seed and straw of 19-year winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and four-year oilseed (three-year canola, Brassica napus L. in 1987, 2000 and 2003; one-year flax, Linum usitatisimum L. in 1991), accumulation of nitrate-N (NO₃-N) in the soil profile (0–210 cm), and N balance sheet on a Huangmian soil (calcaric cambisols, FAO) near Tianshui, Gansu, China. The two main plot treatments were without and with farmyard swine manure (M); sub-plot treatments were control (Ck), N, NP, and NPK.␣The average seed yield decreased in the order MNPK ≥ MNP > MN ≥ NPK ≥ NP > M > N > Ck. The average effect of manure and fertilizers on seed yield was in the order M > N > P > K. The seed yield increase was 20.5% for M, 17.8% for N, 14.2% for P, and 2.9 % for K treatment. Seed yield response to fertilizers was much greater for N and P than for K, and it was much greater for no manure than for manure treatment. The response of straw yield to fertilization treatments was usually similar to that of seed yield. The N fertilizer and manure significantly increased protein concentration and N uptake plant. From the standpoint of increasing crop yield and seed quality, MNPK was the best fertilization strategy. Annual applications of N fertilizer and manure for 23 successive years had a marked effect on NO₃-N accumulation in the 0–210 cm soil profile. Accumulation of NO₃-N in the deeper soil layers with application of N fertilizer and manure is regarded as a potential danger, because of pollution of the soil environment and of groundwater. Application of N fertilizer in combination with P and/or K fertilizers reduced residual soil NO₃-N significantly compared with N fertilizer alone in both no manure and manure plots. The findings suggest that integrated and balanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers and␣manure at proper rates is important for protecting soil and groundwater from potential NO₃-N pollution and for maintaining high crop productivity in the rainfed region of Northwestern China.     

高职贫困生人格与心理健康的关系

对高职贫困生的心理健康状况与人格特征进行调查研究,为有效开展心理健康教育,提供科学依据。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对高职贫困生进行调查。结果表明高职贫困生SCL-90各因子分与非贫困生无显著差异,高职女生SCL-90的强迫、焦虑、抑郁、恐怖因子分高于男生,差异有统计学意义。高职贫困生的人格特征总体良好、积极。结论为要有针对性地对高职生开展心理健康教育,建立健全高职生的人格,以提高其心理健康水平。     

造纸法烟草薄片生产循环水限制性参数的探索

为有效解决造纸法烟草薄片抄造回水循环使用易腐化变质而造成产品存在酸异味的问题,根据循环水质参数间相关性关系,从表征循环水中有害物质含量的角度出发,优选出电导率、氨氮作为循环水限制性参数,有效克服了行业中对抄造循环水盲目排放而带来的吨纸耗水大和产品质量隐患的问题,实现了抄造回水有效循环利用的目标。从造纸法烟草薄片感观吸味出发,建议循环水氨氮含量控制≤4.0mg/L。     

Ca—Mg系复合凝聚剂富集分离造纸法烟草薄片废水处理及资源化研究

采用制备的Ca—Mg系复合凝聚剂,对造纸法烟草薄片废水进行高效固-液分离,以大大降低后续生化处理负荷。获得的污泥固体富含烟碱类物质而进一步提取,用于生物源杀虫剂的活性成份;提取后的污泥固体用作粉状杀虫剂的载附剂,完全达到资源化利用。采用该法单级分离COD去除率可达到70％-80％,具有一定实用价值。     

板料拉延成形的数值模拟与网格试验法

为了对板料拉延进行缺陷预测,在分析板料成形数值模拟和网格试验技术的基础上,采用数值模拟进行拉延成形分析,以及网格试验法进行成形缺陷成因判断,并将两者综合应用进行拉延成形缺陷预测和工艺优化的实例中.     

韧性断裂准则在板料成形中应用研究进展

对板料成形中的成形极限应力图、最大变薄率、成形极限图以及韧性断裂准则等预测成形极限的方法进行了综述和分析,提出了利用韧性断裂准则能够较好地预测塑性差的板料成形极限,而且还能考虑应变路径的变化.利用有限元方法模拟时,韧性断裂准则既可以运用到完全耦合的弹塑性损伤模型的增量方法中,也可以运用到一步有限元逆算法中.指出了为准确地预测成形极限,除了提高有限元模拟精度外,应找到一种本质地反映材料性能的准则.     

大学生心理健康教育工作模式分析

结合高校教育教学管理实际,从大学生心理健康教育的科层体系、目标圈层和心理危机预警机制三方面建立“454”型工作模式,并基于实践对大学生心理健康教育的制度建设、队伍保障和网络支持进行探析。     

关于完善我国精神损害赔偿制度的思考

随着人们对精神利益的自我保护意识不断强化,精神损害赔偿问题日益成为众人瞩目的焦点.该制度在我国尽管已日趋完善,但仍存在不尽人意之处.对在该制度理论和实务中争议颇多的适用范围、举证责任、责任适用方式、赔偿标准等问题进行分析、探讨,提出完善我国精神损害赔偿制度的建议.     

对高职大学生心理危机干预工作的思考

随着社会的发展,大学生心理危机干预工作日显重要。文章分析了大学生心理危机的几大影响因素,进而从完善心理健康工作领导机制,切实加强心理健康教育,强化心理危机预警机制,及早有效实施心理危机干预,落实心理危机跟踪反馈机制等几个方面阐述了高职大学生心理危机干预工作,对有效地控制学生心理危机事件,减少因学生心理危机造成的生命损失,促进校园和谐稳定有着积极作用。     

管板和传热管胀接应力应变的数值模拟及分析

蒸汽发生器是核电厂一回路与二回路的枢纽,传热管和管板的连接处为事故多发区,而机械加工过程残留的应力是引起裂纹的主要原因.应用有限元软件对某型蒸汽发生器中的传热管和管板的胀接过程进行瞬态模拟,得到不同胀接压力下的管板和传热管的残余应力和残余应变值,为传热管和管板最佳胀接参数的确定以及工作过程中应力腐蚀的预防提供理论依据.研究结果标明,管板孔表面的残余径向应力和残余径向应变值都是随胀接压力的增加而增加,且沿着轴向的变化规律相似.