Source Choice Perception and Sustainable Rural Water Supply Development: A Case Study of Ban Thadindam,Lopburi, Thailand

Abstract

This study seeks to examine source choice perception and sustainable rural water supply development in Ban Thadindam, a Thai village situated about 220 km north of Bangkok. It makes use of an elementary schematic matrix that was initially developed for the valuation of water sources as perceived by water users in East Africa. In applying the elementary choice scheme, the author interviewed the village Kamnan (district officer) and a few villagers. The results of this study show that a wide range of water supply sources was perceived by the Kamnan. Out of a practical range of six sources, four were perceived and accepted, roof (rain water), river, spring, and pond; and two were perceived but not accepted: well and canal. The reason why well and canal water sources were rejected was because of their hardness and turbidity. Of the four sources accepted, roof (rain water) was rated very favorably as the preferred choice while river, spring, and pond sources were judged equally favorable. Awareness of source choice and the conditions under which choice is made is crucial for the understanding and development of sustainable rural water supply. By adopting a wide combination of sources and integrating them to provide a rich water supply for treatment, and by taking advantage of filtration technology given by the Asian Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Division, the villagers, with the help of the Project Managing Committee, transformed the demonstration filtration facility into a sustainable rural water supply system. The latter succeeded not only in providing adequate filtered water for the majority of the households in Ban Thadindam but also in satisfying the water requirements for the whole village for two decades. The success of the rural water supply system has been attributable to many factors, but most important was the awareness the villagers have in the understanding of the interrelations between landscape, range of choice and the interaction between community participation, technology, and environment.     

一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型Ⅰ：建模

畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型可从物理机制上综合模拟地面灌溉过程中地表水与土壤水系统之间的互动关系,为开展区域尺度地面灌溉系统性能评价提供了基础工具.利用二阶时空离散精度的混合数值解法求解一维全水动力学模型,建立了一维畦灌地表水流运动模型,并利用二阶时间离散精度有限差分法和构建的四阶空间离散精度有限体积法解算一维土壤水动力学模型.同时,以地表水和土壤水质量守恒方程交替迭代计算的地表水深收敛值为基础,利用动量守恒方程获得地表水流速场,实现了地表水-土壤水系统间的有效迭代耦合,构建起基于数值解法和迭代耦合模式同步改进的一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型.     

土壤—植物系统净化地表径流非点源 污染物实验研究

利用自行设计的6 m土槽构建土壤—植物系统,以无植被土槽为空白对照,设置不同的污染物进水浓度,采用模拟径流方式进行非点源污染净化实验。结果表明：（1）植被的存在能有效滞缓径流和提高污染物去除率,其中土壤—高羊茅系统的净化效果略优于土壤—紫花苜蓿系统,其SS、NO-3-N、NH3-N、TDP、PP去除率分别达到86.61%、25.83%、52.03%、26.53%及76.59%;（2）在本研究的进水浓度范围内,浓度变化对处理系统净化效果的影响与污染物存在状态有关,进水浓度增加后颗粒态污染物去除率无显著变化而溶解态氮去除率均出现明显下降;（3）以污染物出水浓度随径流长度的变化表征污染物截留特征,SS和PP出水浓度均随径流长度增加而呈指数降低,NO-3-N、NH3-N和TDP出水浓度随径流长度增加而呈线性降低,植被及进水浓度条件对污染物截留特征无明显影响。     

溪洛渡水电站空调系统节能性分析

对金沙江溪洛渡水电站的空调系统进行了节能性分析,即：该空调系统利用江水获取冷量,通过组合式空调进行一级表冷、二级表冷,并与制冷机组冷凝器进行热交换,来满足整个厂房的冷负荷。与传统的冷却塔散热方式相比较,该空调系统突出了利用江水进行散热节能的优点。     

南水北调中线京石段总干渠水源保护区划定

南水北调中线京石段工程已经完工,为防止总干渠两侧一定范围内的工业、农业、生活污染物和其他污染物通过地下水污染、空气污染等途径进入干渠,需要在总干渠两侧划定一级、二级水源保护区。根据总干渠工程类型、排水方式等,分析拟定了总干渠水源保护区的划定原则和方法,提出了保护区划定方案。     

普西桥水电站混凝土面板堆石坝料源规划及填筑施工技术研究

普西桥水电站作为阿墨江流域唯一具备年调节功能的最大水电站,采用混凝土面板堆石坝,通过大坝填筑料优化设计,充分利用其余建筑物开挖料,有效降低了工程造价。通过坝体填筑施工实践,摸索出一套行之有效的施工方法及施工工艺。目前大坝已填筑完成80％,正按照明年5月下闸蓄水的目标迈进。     

水平井开采地下水方案优选的实例研究

为了合理有效地开采地下水,科学地设计地下水开采方案非常关键。在陕西省北部神木县境内的合河水源地选择了廊道、辐射井和渗流井3种水平井开采地下水方式,每种方式设计了多种开采方案,其中廊道有20种方案,辐射井有2种,渗流井有2种。利用Visual MODFLOW软件,以"等效渗透系数"及"渗流-管流耦合模型"为理论基础,对不同方案进行地下水流数值模拟,并分别计算其平水期和枯水期的取水量。考虑枯水期的衰减程度、施工难度、造价及管理的难易程度等多种因素,最终确定"4眼渗流井开采"为最佳方案,其平水期总开采量为35 400m3/d,枯水期总开采量为27 500m3/d。     

空中交通安全风险构成及耦合关系分析

从操作人员、空管设备、空管环境和安全管理的角度对空管安全风险进行分析,阐述了空管安全风险耦合的基本理论,提出单因素耦合风险、双因素耦合风险和多因素耦合风险,并对空管安全不同类型的耦合风险进行探讨。通过统计近10年来的空管不安全事件发现,耦合的风险因素越多,发生不安全事件的可能性就越小,但严重程度却越来越高。因此,全面地分析空管安全面临的整体风险,可帮助管理人员有效地识别和控制风险。     

重庆生产服务业与装备制造业耦合协调度分析

借助物理学的耦合度函数,构建生产性服务业与装备制造业的耦合协调度模型,对全国4个直辖市2006--2009年这两个产业的耦合协调发展状况进行比较,以探寻重庆生产性服务业与装备制造业在协调发展方面存在的问题,提出了促进重庆这两个产业协调发展的对策建议。     

菌肥及其与氮磷配施对水稻生产及分配的影响

为探讨菌根菌肥单施及其与化肥配施对水稻产量的影响,测定不同施肥方式下水稻光合速率,分析水稻物质分配比例及产量构成因子．结果表明:菌根菌肥单施增大库容的同时改善了光合作用,水稻增产2927％．菌根菌肥与氮肥配施提高了水稻光合速率,加大了籽实的物质分配比例,水稻增产4137％．菌根菌肥与磷肥配施及其与磷肥氮肥配施两种条件下,光合作用显著改善,稻草产量增加,水稻实际产量增幅小．菌根菌肥单施及其与氮肥配施都能有效提高水稻产量,而与磷肥配施及与氮肥磷肥二者配施的促产条件有待进一步探讨．