甲壳素脱乙酰酶的研究进展

甲壳素脱乙酰酶(CDA)是一种可以将甲壳素转化为壳聚糖的酶类,而壳聚糖在食品、医药、化工等领域有着广泛的应用,它的生物制备技术是目前国际关注的焦点问题。就CDA的产生菌、酶的作用机理、酶的生物学功能等方面进行了综述,并对CDA潜在的应用价值进行了展望。     

Evaluation of Class IIa Histone Deacetylases Expression and In Vivo Epigenetic Imaging in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Epigenetic regulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) is associated with synaptic plasticity and memory formation, and its aberrant expression has been linked to cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the role of class IIa HDAC expression in AD and monitor it in vivo using a novel radiotracer, 6-(tri-fluoroacetamido)-1-hexanoicanilide ([¹⁸F]TFAHA). A human neural cell culture model with familial AD (FAD) mutations was established and used for in vitro assays. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [¹⁸F]TFAHA was performed in a 3xTg AD mouse model for in vivo evaluation. The results showed a significant increase in HDAC4 expression in response to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the cell model. Moreover, treatment with an HDAC4 selective inhibitor significantly upregulated the expression of neuronal memory-/synaptic plasticity-related genes. In [¹⁸F]TFAHA-PET imaging, whole brain or regional uptake was significantly higher in 3xTg AD mice compared with WT mice at 8 and 11 months of age. Our study demonstrated a correlation between class IIa HDACs and Aβs, the therapeutic benefit of a selective inhibitor, and the potential of using [¹⁸F]TFAHA as an epigenetic radiotracer for AD, which might facilitate the development of AD-related neuroimaging approaches and therapies.     

Antagonistic Interaction between Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor: Cambinol and Cisplatin—An Isobolographic Analysis in Breast Cancer In Vitro Models

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death in women all over the world. Currently, combined chemotherapy with two or more agents is considered a promising anti-cancer tool to achieve better therapeutic response and to reduce therapy-related side effects. In our study, we demonstrated an antagonistic effect of cytostatic agent-cisplatin (CDDP) and histone deacetylase inhibitor: cambinol (CAM) for breast cancer cell lines with different phenotypes: estrogen receptor positive (MCF7, T47D) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468). The type of pharmacological interaction was assessed by an isobolographic analysis. Our results showed that both agents used separately induced cell apoptosis; however, applying them in combination ameliorated antiproliferative effect for all BC cell lines indicating antagonistic interaction. Cell cycle analysis showed that CAM abolished cell cycle arrest in S phase, which was induced by CDDP. Additionally, CAM increased cell proliferation compared to CDDP used alone. Our data indicate that CAM and CDDP used in combination produce antagonistic interaction, which could inhibit anti-cancer treatment efficacy, showing importance of preclinical testing.     

Aroyl-pyrrolyl hydroxyamides: influence of pyrrole C4-phenylacetyl substitution on histone deacetylase inhibition

The novel aroyl-pyrrolyl hydroxyamides 4 a-a' are analogues of the lead compound 3-(1-methyl-4-phenylacetyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (2) and are active as HDAC inhibitors. The benzene ring of 2 was substituted with a wide range of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, and the effect was evaluated on three HDACs from maize, namely HD2, HD1-B (a class I HDAC), and HD1-A (a class II HDAC). Inhibition studies show that the benzene 3' and, to a lesser extent, 4' positions of 2 were the most suitable for the introduction of substituents, with the 3'-chloro (in 4 b) and the 3'-methyl (in 4 k) derivatives being the most potent compounds, reaching the same activity as SAHA. Inhibition data for 4 b,k against mouse HDAC1 were consistent with those observed in the maize enzyme. The substituent insertion on the benzene ring of 2 (compounds 4 a-a') abated the slight (3-fold) selectivity for class II HDACs displayed by 2. Compound 4 b showed interesting, dose-dependent antiproliferative and cytodifferentiation properties against human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.     

一株产几丁质脱乙酰酶诱变菌株的培养基配方及发酵条件优化

以一株海洋来源产几丁质脱乙酰酶（CDA）的丝状真菌（Penicilium janthinellum）1-5-2为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变后获得一高产CDA菌株UV-210S。通过单因素试验得出该诱变菌株的最佳培养基配方为麦芽糖1.3%,牛肉浸膏2.6%,NaH2PO4 0.3%,CaCl2 0.1%,胶体几丁质0.5%;最佳发酵工艺条件为NaCl 1.5%,初始pH值为9.0,发酵温度30 ℃,摇床转速180 r/min,CDA最佳收集时间为72 h。经培养基配方及发酵条件优化后该诱变菌株的最高CDA酶活为16.76 U/mL,相比优化前的酶活提高了52%。     

桔橙小单孢菌产几丁质脱乙酰酶的酶学性质研究

从海边红树林虾场土壤中筛选的一株产几丁质脱乙酰酶（CDA）的放线菌桔橙小单孢菌（Micromonospora aurantiaca）,研究其产CDA的酶学性质。结果表明,CDA的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)电泳结果显示为单一条带,分子质量为81.8 ku。最适pH值为7.0;最适温度为40 ℃;Ca2+对此CDA酶活有促进作用,而Cu2+、Zn2+、Mg2+表现出了抑制作用。CDA对虾壳来源的几丁质有明显的脱乙酰效果,红外光谱测得样品脱乙酰度由39.03%提高至78.40%。扫描电镜发现CDA酶解过的几丁质样品表面疏松多孔、出现凹槽、晶体消失,进一步印证了该酶的良好脱乙酰效果,也力证了该酶拥有较好的特性。     

重组氨基酰化酶1与N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰酶酶学性质比较

利用基因工程手段重组表达了牛肾来源的氨基酰化酶1(ACY1),并与实验室之前构建的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰酶(NAO)进行比较,以N-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸为底物,研究了其酶学性质,考察了pH、温度、反应时间、表面活性剂、金属离子等因素对拆分DL-蛋氨酸的影响。结果表明,重组NAO和ACY1拆分300 mmol/L的N-乙酰-DL-蛋氨酸所需时间分别是2 h和6 h;重组NAO的酶活及N-乙酰-L-蛋氨酸的转化率分别为1 139.41 U/g和98%,高于重组ACY1的671.24 U/g和58.78%,约是重组ACY1的1.7倍。     

海洋Arthrobacter protophormiae CDA2-2-2产几丁质脱乙酰酶发酵条件优化

对海洋Arthrobacter protophormiae CDA2-2-2产几丁质脱乙酰酶发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化,提高发酵产酶水平。在单因素实验优化的基础上,利用PB试验筛选显著影响菌株发酵产酶酶因素,进一步利用响应面法优化这些因素,获得最佳发酵培养基和培养条件。利用单因素实验优化获得碳源、氮源、金属离子、发酵温度、发酵时间、装液量、初始pH和转速的最佳条件。PB试验筛选获得显著影响发酵产酶的因素为MgSO₄、发酵温度和葡萄糖。运用Box-Behnken设计,通过响应面法对上述3因素进行优化,获得Arthrobacter protophormiae CDA2-2-2最佳培养基配方为:葡萄糖0.5%,酵母粉1%,MgSO₄ 0.015%;发酵条件为:发酵温度38 ℃,初始pH7.0,转速140 r/min,发酵时间84 h,接种量2%,装液量40%。在此条件下Arthrobacter protophormiae CDA2-2-2产几丁质脱乙酰酶酶活为14.58 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.5倍。本研究结果为Arthrobacter protophormiae CDA2-2-2几丁质脱乙酰酶的进一步开发和应用奠定试验基础。     

1 株高产几丁质脱乙酰酶红球菌的基因组测序及其应用潜力分析

为高效利用虾蟹壳资源,推动壳聚糖的几丁质脱乙酰酶法生产,采用Illumina测序技术,对1 株高产几丁质脱乙酰酶的红球菌菌株11-3进行基因组测序,并进行系统的生物信息学分析,主要包括基因本体论（Gene Ontology,GO）、直系同源群集（Cluster of Orthologous Group,COG）、京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG）功能注释,碳水化合物活性酶注释以及几丁质降解相关酶基因的生物信息学分析。研究发现,红球菌11-3的基因组为6 089 866 bp,共5 904 个编码基因,GC含量为70.514%。经碳水化合物活性酶注释共识别了165 个基因,包括59 个碳水化合物酯酶基因,42 个糖基转移酶基因,36 个糖苷水解酶基因和28 个辅助氧化还原酶基因,其中,鉴定出1 个几丁质脱乙酰酶基因（gene4907）,4 个几丁质酶（EC 3.2.1.14）基因（gene1286、gene1287、gene3810、gene4754）和2 个壳聚糖酶（EC 3.2.1.132）基因（gene4921、gene5362）。gene4907与已报道的几丁质脱乙酰酶基因的序列一致性为26.60%～32.43%,为一种新的几丁质脱乙酰酶。因此,红球菌11-3菌株在几丁质资源的开发领域具有极大潜力。