富钴结壳主要成分的X荧光快速测定

采用粉末样品压片制样的预处理技术,用X射线荧光光谱仪同时测定富钴结壳中主要成分Mn、Fe、Cu、Co、Ni、Al2O3、CaO、K2O、MgO、TiO2等的含量,结果表明:该分析测定方法的分析结果准确、可靠,准确度和精密度均符合分析质量要求,且仅需5min就可以测定出全部待测元素含量,是一种快速、准确的分析测定方法。     

Thermal behaviour and kinetics of dehydration of gypsum in air from in situ real-time laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction

Thermal behaviour and kinetics of dehydration of gypsum in air have been investigated using in situ real-time laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data evaluated by the Rietveld method. Thermal expansion has been analysed from 298 to 373 K. The high-temperature limits for the cell edges and for the cell volume, calculated using the Einstein equation, are 4.29 × 10⁻⁶, 4.94 × 10⁻⁵, 2.97 × 10⁻⁵, and 8.21 × 10⁻⁵. Thermal expansion of gypsum is strongly anisotropic being larger along the b axis mainly due to the weakening of hydrogen bond. Dehydration of gypsum has been investigated in isothermal conditions within the 348–403 K range with a temperature increase of 5 K. Dehydration proceeds through the CaSO₄·2H₂O → CaSO₄·0.5H₂O → γ-CaSO₄ steps. Experimental data have been fitted with the Avrami equation to calculate the empirical activation energy of the process. No change in transformation mechanism has been observed within the analysed temperature range and the corresponding E _a is 109(12) kJ/mol.     

The thermal behaviour of γ-CaSO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Thermal behaviour of γ-anhydrite (γ-CaSO₄, soluble anhydrite) has been investigated in situ real-time using laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data. Thermal expansion has been analysed from 303 to 569 K with temperature steps of 4 K. Lattice parameters and volume were fitted with a second-order polynomial to calculate thermal expansion coefficients. Thermal expansion of γ-anhydrite is anisotropic being larger along the c axis. Within the 343–383 K thermal range, γ-anhydrite has been found to partially re-hydrate to bassanite CaSO₄·0.5H₂O. At 455 K the transformation γ-CaSO₄ → β-CaSO₄, insoluble anhydrite, starts reaching completion at 653 K.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中主、次、微量元素

通过实验研究和分析借鉴前人成果,制定了土壤中40个主、次、微量成分粉末压片X射线荧光光谱分析方法,方法样品制备简单、消耗成本低、快速高效,绝大多数成分的检出限、精密度、准确度可满足多目标区域地球化学调查规范分析测试质量要求。     

直接粉末制样-小型偏振激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱法分析地质样品中多元素

采用小型偏振激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,直接粉末制样法,分析了硅酸盐类岩石、土壤、沉积物样品.实验结果表明,主量元素的总分析精度优于2%RSD,主要受制样精度控制.不同含量的痕量元素的总分析精度一般优于5%RSD,含量低时可达约20%RSD.制样精度(方差)在分析总精度(方差)中所占的比例一般大于50%,且元素原子序数越小、含量越高(计数统计涨落小),所占的比例越大.实验还表明,对于大多数元素,在样品量大于1 g后,分析结果变化不显著;但Ba等重元素在样品量小于5 g时结果受样品量影响显著;实际分析中可以不必称量样品,但应保证所使用的样品量大于5 g.通过作为未知样品分析的标准参考物的分析结果和参校标准物质的回算结果的综合考察,并参照中国地质调查局多目标地球化学调查规范(1:25万),该方法在常规情况下可定量分析K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Ba、Pb、Th等20个元素,过渡金属元素的测定限在10 mg/kg左右.由于制样方法简单,无需制样设备,该方法适合于车载野外现场快速分析.     

应用扫描电镜-X射线衍射-电子探针技术研究河南淅川绿松石矿物学特征

河南省淅川县位于我国重要绿松石产区——秦岭东部绿松石矿区东延部分,与淅川毗邻的许多早期考古遗址中出土了大量的绿松石制品,因此淅川绿松石的矿料流布受到许多考古学者的关注。研究淅川绿松石的矿物学特征有助于完善我国不同矿区绿松石矿物学研究,为追溯我国早期绿松石文物的矿料来源提供重要的数据支撑。本文利用偏光显微镜观察、扫描电镜、粉晶X射线衍射等技术对淅川绿松石进行结构研究,辅以电子探针、背散射电子图像观察等方法研究了淅川绿松石的矿物组合。结果表明:淅川绿松石主要由细小的鳞片状、短柱状、板片状微晶集合体组成,可见环带状、结核状、碎斑碎粒状结构;通过对比不同样品的微晶结构,可知其微晶的大小、晶型和分布状态会影响淅川绿松石集合体的致密程度和颜色;淅川绿松石集合体中常见石英、玉髓和铁氧化物,部分样品含有硫磷铝锶矿。通过对比其他矿区绿松石矿物组合,发现淅川绿松石与湖北地区的绿松石矿物组成相近,主要杂质为石英、褐铁矿,明显区别于安徽地区以高岭石为主要杂质矿物的绿松石。     

Atmospheric inorganic aerosol of a non-industrial city in the centre of an industrial region of the North of Spain,and its possible influence on the climate on a regional scale

Mineral particles could have influenced on the climate of Oviedo, a non-industrial city situated in the centre of an industrial zone of the North of Spain, increasing the temperature and the precipitations, in spite of the fact that “greenhouse gases” concentrations have diminished in this city in recent years. The directive (1999/30/EC) of the European Commission began to be applied in Oviedo in the year 2003. In agreement with this norm, our first aim was the identification of the inorganic particulate matter of the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions sampled in this city. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry were used. The percentages of the different mineral phases of the PM were obtained by a Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data. The compositions of the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of this city are similar. Sulphates are the most abundant particles in the both fractions. Most sulphates, nitrates and sal-ammoniac would have formed by reaction between solid, liquid and/or gas particles and they could be associated with the power stations near to the city and traffic. Wüstite and haematites come from the iron and steel industries of Gijón and Avilés. The main natural sources of halite and carbonates and silicates are sea spray and soil resuspension by the wind, respectively.     

矿物种类和粉体性质与增强性能的关系

矿物粉体作为硅橡胶增强填料尚不多见。传统的硅橡胶增强填料是气相白碳黑。它的粒度细,比表面积大,聚集态结构优良,增强效果佳［１］;但其生产能耗大,成本高,价格昂贵,限制了具有优良性能的硅橡胶制品的广泛使用。如果能通过某些物理化学处理,把价格低廉的天然矿物加工成硅橡胶增强剂,不仅能促进硅橡胶工业的发展,而且可为矿物的高增值开发利用找到一条新的途径［２］。填料的粉体性质（包括粒度、表面积、形状、晶态等）是决定其增强性能的关键因素之一。本文分析探讨了矿物粉体的种类和粉体性质与增强性能的关系。１　实验部分…     

关于船舶稳性事故发生的原因及对策的研究

船舶稳性事故的后果非常严重。造成稳性减小的原因很复杂,归纳起来有积载不当,产生自倾角或大风浪中引起货物移位;精矿粉含水量过高等。为了防止船舶因稳性问题而发生海损事故,最根本最有效的措施是,加强工作责任心,作好配积载计划,严格把关,密切配合等。     

四川盆地罗渡溪构造高分辨率地震勘探采集方法

针对1991年高分辨率勘探所得雷-1地震剖面反射波连续性差、能量弱的特点,为了用地震勘探方法解决四川盆地油气储层薄、孔隙度低、油气产出能力与裂缝发育程度关系这3个地质问题,1997年在四川盆地罗渡溪构造开展了以查明雷-1构造形态、断层展布为地质目标的高分辨率地震勘探方法试验,得到了一套关于高分辨率地震勘探采集装备配置及野外施工的方法.用该方法可得到良好的高分辨率地震反射剖面,为四川盆地油气勘探拓宽了领域.