Measurement of CO2 concentration based on supercontinuum laser absorption spectroscopy

The concentrations of CO₂ were measured by the supercontinuum laser at normal temperature and variable temperature accurately in this paper. The absorption spectra of CO₂ at different concentrations(1.2%—9.0%) were measured in the wavelength range of 1 425—1 445 nm under the optical path of 26.4 m at 293 K and 1 atm. The experimental results showed that the positions of the primary and secondary absorption peaks(1 432 nm, 1 437 nm) were consistent with the HITRAN database. A linear model of concentration and signal intensity at 1 432 nm was established. The maximum relative error of the concentration measurement was 3.3%. The line intensities of 99.9% CO₂ in the 1 425—1 445 nm at different temperatures(298—373 K, interval of 15 K) were measured. The influence of temperature changes on the concentration measurement result was corrected and the relative error of the concentration measurement was reduced to 1.4%. Finally, the source of the uncertainty of the entire spectrum measurement system was analyzed and evaluated. This paper demonstrate that the supercontinuum laser can achieve the long-distance measurement of the CO₂ under normal temperature or variable temperature environment accurately, which provide an important reference for the long-distance gas detection on site and simultaneous detection of multi-component gases.     

TDLAS技术调制参量的优化及实验研究

为了研究激光调制参量对二次谐波信号峰值、信噪比、峰宽、对称性以及信号完整性的影响, 基于硬件实验系统与Simulink仿真模型进行分析, 验证了理论模拟结果与此硬件系统下信号变化趋势的一致性, 同时确定了CO₂检测系统的最佳调制参量。通过实验系统对不同体积分数的CO₂在1432.04nm处的吸收光谱进行了测量, 建立主吸收峰处信号强度与不同体积分数CO₂的反演模型, 分析了系统性能及测量精度。结果表明, 线性拟合系数R2=0.9998, 气体体积分数反演最大相对误差为0.7333%, 系统检测限为0.0074%;通过调制参量的优化选择可以获得较为理想的二次谐波信号, 从而实现待测气体体积分数的精确反演。该研究为检测系统中调制参量的优化提供了重要参考, 为系统测量精度的改善提供了指导。     

基于傅里叶红外光谱仪的高温含水烟气中低浓度一氧化氮精确测量研究

随着国家超低排放政策的深入,对烟气中污染物浓度精确测量提出了更高的要求。基于傅里叶红外光谱仪建立了高温含水条件下一氧化氮(NO)气体精确测量系统,在191℃条件下测量了含5%～20%水蒸气与摩尔分数为5～40μmol/mol NO混合前后的吸收光谱,通过修正混合物中H₂O的吸光度来精确确定NO浓度,并评价了系统测量不确定度。结果表明:NO在高温含水条件下测量结果与标准气体量值相对偏差小于1.8%,测量的扩展相对标准不确定度最大为2.8%(k=2),此系统具有良好的测量准确性和稳定性,对国家超低排放政策的执行和环保税的征收具有重要意义。     

水平安装文丘里管低压湿气测量模型

在低压高流速工况下,对文丘里管的湿气测量虚高数学模型进行理论和试验研究.由动量方程出发,推导文丘里管用于湿气测量的理论计算式.在天津大学低压油、气、水三相流试验装置上,对管径比为0.404 8、0.55、0.7的文丘里管进行大量湿气试验,分析压力、滑差及液相含率对文丘里湿气测量虚高的影响,提出一个新的文丘里管低压湿气测量半经验模型公式,达到较高的测量精度.通过对不同管径比的试验数据的分析比较,得出管径比为0.55的文丘里管信号具有较小分散性的结论.     

利用U形管测量低压环雾状流与液束环状流体积含气率

由能量方程出发,根据U形管垂直上升段与下降段的重位压降与摩阻压降的大小及方向之间的关系求得体积含气率测量模型,并通过实验研究了体积含气率测量误差的影响因素,利用体积含气率测量误差与流动密度测量值之间的线性关系对体积含气率进行了修正,使测量精度明显提高,并通过独立实验进行了验证。最后分析了U形管测量低压气液两相流体积含气率的适用范围。     

Study on energy threshold and spectral characteristics with spot radius based on LIBS technology

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the laser-induced optical breakdown energy threshold and the spectral signal changes with the spot radius. First of all, using the avalanche breakdown threshold theory calculates the threshold avalanche ionization rate ηc. Combining with the theory of light intensity distribution and the relationship between pulse energy and peak power, numerical calculations have obtained the law of change of spot radius and threshold laser energy. Secondly, the variation of the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the laser energy is measured according the experimental measurement, and the threshold laser energy required for optical breakdown at different spot radius is obtained. The theoretical threshold model of the relationship between the threshold laser energy and the quadratic function of the spot radius obtained by numerical calculation is verified, and it is revised, the results show that the relative error between the revised theoretical threshold model and the experimental threshold model is less than 5.3%. At last, the influence of the spot radius on the spectral signal and electron density is also analyzed, it is found that both the spectral intensity and the electron density have a maximum at the spot radius of 11 μm. The results show that it is necessary to find the best spot radius during the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiment. This provides a reliable theoretical basis and experimental reference for further study of the influence of spot radius on LIBS technology measurement.     

基于改进二维 MUSIC 算法的蓝牙信号到达角估计

蓝牙技术联盟在蓝牙 5. 1 规范引入寻向功能,为大幅提升蓝牙定位技术的精度提供了新的解决途径,但并未对信号的 角度测量算法提供统一方案。 针对低功耗蓝牙在室内环境多径干扰下到达角估计困难这一问题,提出了一种面向矩形阵列的 改进二维 MUSIC 算法,通过对矩形阵列天线阵元进行二次划分,采用前后向平滑的方法修正一维子阵的协方差矩阵,再利用接 收信号矩阵的广义逆求出各个子阵协方差的关系,从而修正整个阵列接收信号的协方差矩阵。 该算法在没有降低信号协方差 矩阵维数的同时,恢复了信号协方差矩阵的秩,有效抑制室内多径信源引起的干扰。 经过仿真实验,证明了本文算法在低快拍 数、低信噪比的情况下对角度估计的精度有着较大改善。 并设计了相应的硬件系统进行室内与室外的实验,结果表明在多径干 扰严重的室内定位时定位精度改善更为明显,室内定位圆概率误差降低了 26. 75% ~ 60. 25%。 仿真和现场定位实验证明了本 文提出角度估计算法的有效性,该算法对其他应用领域的来波方向估计也具有重要参考意义。     

气液两相流动噪声特性及相含率测量模型

为了研究气液两相流噪声信号特性与体积相含率测量,采用多孔网与多孔孔板相结合的方法,设计了一种适合气液两相流动的噪声发生装置,运用CFD仿真优化设计了新型多孔孔板相含率测量装置,通过在管内设置多孔孔板阻流件,快速调整流场至平衡状态,突出噪声信号,以达到准确测量气液两相相含率的目的。利用声发射技术对流动噪声进行了探测,在河北大学气液两相流测试系统上进行了大量的实验测试,并运用现代信息处理方法对流动声发射信号进行了提取及分析,建立了泡状流、弹状流及过渡流型下气液两相流体积相含率测量模型,测量模型拟合体积含液率相对误差绝对值均低于4.8%。     

基于 CFD 仿真圆柱齿轮流量计性能影响因素分析

为确定圆柱齿轮流量计结构参数和流体介质物理特性对其性能影响的规律,确定最佳装配间隙,提出了基于6自由度运动模型的仿真方法,基于该方法分别研究了不同装配间隙和不同流体粘度对DN16圆柱齿轮流量计性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着装配间隙的减小,线性度误差逐渐减小。当齿顶圆间隙为140 μm、齿轮端面间隙为100 μm时,线性度误差达到最优值0.13%;线性度误差随着流体粘度的增大而减小,当粘度为42.7 mm2/s时,线性度误差仅为0.03%。