海水池塘跑道养殖系统中鱼类肠道及养殖环境的细菌群落研究

为查明海水池塘跑道养殖系统(IPRS)的不同生境中细菌群落特征以及不同群落间的相互作用关系,本研究采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术对IPRS中鱼类肠道、水体和沉积物的细菌群落组成和结构进行了研究。研究表明,鱼类肠道、水体和沉积物的细菌群落在结构和多样性上均存在显著差异。不同生境中细菌群落的优势组成不同,花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)肠道内相对丰度最高的菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 57.92%),河鲀(Takifugu rubripes)肠道内为弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota, 41.17%),水体和沉积物中均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度分别达到91.03%和48.06%。LEfSe分析表明,栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和罗氏菌属(Roseburia)等20个菌属在花鲈肠道内显著富集;unclassified＿Arcobacteraceae、普雷沃菌属(Prevotellaa)和罗尔斯顿菌属(Ralstonia)等12个菌属在河鲀肠道内显著富集;伍斯菌属(W...     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化地衣芽孢杆菌的脱氮特性及机制研究

分离自对虾养殖池塘的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)MP15具有高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能。为了进一步研究菌株MP15的脱氮特性和脱氮机制,本研究采用氮同位素标记法,对其在氮基础降解液中的脱氮特性和机制进行了深入的研究。研究结果显示:在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg/L的氮基础降解液中,其对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N的最大去除速率分别为1.03 mg NH~+_4-N/(L·h)、1.74 mg NO~-_2-N/(L·h)和1.02 mg NO~-_3-N/(L·h)。氮代谢过程中羟胺氧化还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶和硝酸盐还原酶的酶比活力分别为0.540 6、0.157 8和0.160 9 U/mg。对菌株MP15脱氮过程中的~(15)N同位素示踪结果显示,以NH~+_4-N作为唯一氮源时,仅产生~(15)N_2O;当菌株MP15分别以NO~-_2-N和NO~-_3-N作为唯一氮源时,可同时检测到~(15)N_2O和~(15)N_2。综合上述结果,菌株MP15对无机氮的去除主要包括:同化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用。其中对NH~+_4-N的硝化途径为:NH~+_4-N→NH_2OH→N_2O;对NO~-_2-N的硝化-反硝化途径为:NO~-_3-N←NO~-_2-N→N_2O/N_2;其对NO~-_3-N的反硝化途径为:NO~-_3-N→NO~-_2-N→N_2O/N_2。     

摄食对中国对虾能量代谢影响的初步研究

于 1996年 5～ 6月在水温 2 5℃时测定了两种规格中国对虾 ( Penaeus chinensis)摄食沙蚕和配合饲料后的耗养率和氨排泄率。小规格中国对虾摄食配饵的代谢率略高于摄食沙蚕 ,而大规格组中摄食沙蚕的代谢率大于摄食配饵组。小规格中国对虾摄食配饵和沙蚕的代谢能比未摄食组提高了 33.2 2 %和 2 7.4 0 %;大规格中国对虾摄食配饵和沙蚕的代谢能比未摄食组提高了 34 .78%和 4 0 .0 5%。中国对虾摄食后的氨排泄率明显增加 ,表明蛋白质在摄食代谢中具有重要作用。     

鲢鱼幼鱼对盐、碱耐受性的研究

利用盐碱地区氯化物型地下水进行了鲢鱼幼鱼（Ｌ＝５．４～８．２ｃｍ）对盐度（ｐＨ＝８．６０±０．１８）、碱度（ｐＨ＝８．７４±０．３４）及盐碱混合的急性毒性试验。研究结果表明：鲢鱼幼鱼对盐度的２４、４８、７２和９６ｈ的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）分别为：１１．２,９．０,８．６和８．２ｇ·Ｌ－１;对碱度的相应ＬＣ５０值分别为５１．４、２７．１、２３．７和１５．７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。盐碱混合的正交试验表明盐度和碱度在致毒过程中作用显著;２４ｈＬＣ５０碱度（Ａｌｋ,ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）及盐度（Ｓ,ｇ·Ｌ－１）的关系为：Ａｌｋ＝３４．１７－１．７８Ｓ。     

尿素对三种海洋微藻生长影响的初步研究

鉴于人们对有机氮影响微藻生长的研究较少,以及尿素在池塘养殖中的不断应用,研究了尿素对3种海洋微藻生长的影响情况。结果表明,尿素对这3种微藻的生长影响极显著,最适生长的浓度值也不同：最适宜增殖的氮、磷浓度依次为,赤潮异弯藻：氮300μmol／L,磷10μmol／L：海链藻：氮100μmol/L,磷5μmol／L;隐藻：氮300μmol／L,磷10μmol／L。还对N／P值的情况进行了探讨,提出该比值可能和氮态有关,并指出了经常被忽略的几种情况。     

人工养殖条件下达氏鳇杂交种幼鱼生长特性的初步研究

为了解在人工养殖条件下达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)杂交种(达氏鳇♂×天然杂交种♀(达氏鳇♀×史氏鲟♂) )的生长特性,在水温11～22 ℃时,对达氏鳇杂交种体长和体重的生长进行实验研究.应用计算机软件Excel和SPSS对测量的数据进行处理分析,结果表明:平均全长为33.32 cm、平均体重为145.83 g的139日龄幼鱼经75 d的人工饲养长成平均全长为48.79 cm、平均体重为437.36 g的个体,全长与日龄之间呈线性关系L=3.292 7t 30.517,R2=0.959 4,其全长日均增长量为2.06 mm、平均瞬时增长率为 0.076 3,体重与日龄呈指数函数关系,Wgc=119.74e0.234 6t,R2=0.956;体重日均增长量为3.887 1 g、平均瞬时生长率为0.219 7;体重与全长的回归曲线为WwL=0.005 6L2.892 9,R2=0.998 2,幂指数接近于3,表明该鱼体重与全长的立方呈正相关系,属于等比生长类型.     

硬骨鱼类雌激素受体及其在生殖调节中的作用研究

在脊椎动物中,雌激素的生理作用是通过雌激素受体(ER)介导的,这种转录因子属于类固醇激素核受体家族成员.从哺乳动物到硬骨鱼类,均存在2种ER类型,即ERα和ERβ.与高等脊椎动物不同的是,由于基因重复等原因,硬骨鱼类ERβ存在异型体结构,称为ERβ1和β2或者ERβ和γ,它们在鱼类胚胎发育和性腺发育过程中表现为不同的组织分布和表达类型.一般认为,雌激素主要调节雌性个体的生理功能.然而,鱼类的精巢也表现明显的雌激素受体活性,说明雌激素也参与调节硬骨鱼类精巢的生理功能.     

水文气象极值统计推断的可靠性问题

论述极值统计推断不可靠的表现、产生原因及提高可靠性的途径、可操作性方法和可靠性评价。提出收敛域准则、极大似然估计的精估计和粗估计、泛似然估计、多母体现象,应用超拟合现象、抽样误差、蒙特卡罗随机模拟等概念或方法,得出全国各气象站多个气象要素的可靠极值统计推断结果,初步形成小样本统计理论。     

温度周期性波动对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕壳和蜕壳激素含量的影响

采用实验生态学方法,以温度25℃为对照,研究了四种温度波动幅度(25±1、25±2、25±3、25±4℃)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾蜕壳率争蜕壳激素滴度的影响.主要实验结果如下:(1)25±3℃和25±4℃组对虾的蜕壳率显著高于其他各处理组(P＜0.05).(2)5种温度处理下,对虾血...     

Effects of photoperiod on daily activity rhythm of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In nature, Apostichopus japonicus exhibits a behavioral characteristic of emerging at night and sheltering during the day. Hence, it was commonly believed that longer and darker light conditions are better for a population of A. japonicus. In aquaculture situations therefore, animals have commonly been cultured without lighting, especially during juvenile-hatching culture. However, how the length of darkness each day affects A. japonicus and what the mechanism is of behavioral response of A. japonicus to different photoperiods remain unclear, and are specifically addressed in this study. We applied nine photoperiod treatments (light:dark (LD) cycles at 0:24, 3:21, 6:18, 9:15, 12:12, 15:9, 18:6, 21:3, and 24:0 under 500 lx) to 60 individuals (29.73 ± 0.23 g) per treatment (with 3 replicates). The environmental conditions were set as: water temperature = 16.9 ± 0.3°C, dissolved oxygen>6.0 mg/L, ammonia<0.3 mg/L, pH = 7.8-8.2, and salinity = 30-32. Under experimental conditions of continuous darkness as well as continuous light, cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus (viz. the animals emerged and fed at night and sheltered during the day) were observed. However, they spent more and less time, respectively, moving and feeding under continuous darkness and continuous light, than those under a natural light cycle. Under photoperiods with 6-12 h of light, the animals showed one sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior transitions. These behavior transitions appeared to be governed by some internal physiological factors and induced by daily light variation. The behavior of the animals was significantly affected by different photoperiods, and the distribution rate (DR) of the animals emerging at "daytime" increased with lengthening "light time" (except for the LD 3:21 cycle). We also found that there was no significant difference in mean DR per day under LD cycles of 6:18, 9:15, 15:9, and 12:12. Mean DRs per day were significantly lower for these photoperiods, than for those under LD cycles of 0:24 and 3:21, and significantly higher than for those under LD cycles of 18:6, 21:3 and 24:0. These results imply that 6-15 h light per day were the similar photoperiods to natural sunlight. From the viewpoint of activity and feeding behaviors, these might be the optimal photoperiods for rearing A. japonicus.