盐度和Ca2+浓度对中国明对虾稚虾耗氧率的影响

设计双因子实验研究了水温25.0℃±0.5℃下,盐度(5,15,30)和Ca2 质量浓度(175,350,700,1 400,2 800 mg/L)对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾耗氧率的影响,实验对虾的湿体质量为0.301 g±0.041 g。实验结果表明:(1)不同盐度下,中国明对虾稚虾耗氧率的大小顺序为R5>R30>R15。其中,盐度15下对虾的耗氧率显著低于盐度5和30下的耗氧率(P<0.05);(2)不同Ca2 质量浓度下,中国明对虾稚虾耗氧率的大小顺序为R2 800>R175>R700>R1 400>R350。其中,Ca2 质量浓度为350 mg/L组对虾的耗氧率显著低于其它处理组,Ca2 质量浓度为2 800 mg/L组对虾的耗氧率显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05),而Ca2 质量浓度为175,700和1 400 mg/L组间对虾的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)盐度和Ca2 质量浓度的交互作用显著影响中国明对虾稚虾的耗氧率(P<0.05)。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和呼吸代谢的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同盐度波动幅度对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾蜕皮、耗氧率、排氨率和排尿率的影响。实验以D_1蜕皮期的对虾为实验材料,虾的初始湿体重为(2.485±0.303)g,实验设盐度29为对照组(用C表示),4个不同的盐度波动幅度(分别为2、4、6、8)为处理组,分别用S2、S4、S6和S8表示,每个处理设10个重复。实验分别于降低盐度和恢复盐度至29的不同时间点采样,测定对虾的耗氧率、氨氮和尿素的排泄率,实验持续7 d。主要实验结果如下:(1)降低盐度后,S4组、S6组及S8组对虾的蜕皮整体提前1 d,且S6组对虾的蜕皮较为集中;(2)降低盐度后,所有处理组对虾耗氧率均呈现先下降后随着蜕皮到来逐渐升高的趋势,且降盐后S4组和S6组对虾耗氧率的下降速度最快(6 h),在升盐过程中,仅对照组在6 h和S4组在6 h和12 h处对虾的耗氧率与升盐前相比差异达到显著水平(P0.05);(3)对虾的排氨率呈现出盐度波动后下降的趋势(S8组除外),并随蜕皮期的到来升高(S4组除外),在整个实验过程中S4组、S6组对虾的排氨率较低,S8组对虾的排氨率较高;(4)对照组和S8组对虾的排尿率同样表现出与蜕皮高峰相吻合的关系,而S2组、S4组及S6组对虾的排尿率在降盐24 h后趋于稳定。     

溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活性的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在水温(25.0±0.5)℃条件下,研究30d养殖周期内,4个梯度的溶解氧(T1:2.0±0.3、T2:4.2±0.3、T3:6.8±0.7、T4:13.6±2.1mg/L)对凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同水平的溶解氧对实验虾的生长和消化酶活力存在显著影响,实验结束时,T4处理组实验虾的存活率最高,达到99.48%,显著高于T1和T2处理组(P<0.05),但与T3处理无显著差异(P>0.05),低氧条件下死亡虾甲壳薄软、被残食等现象较多。养殖30d后,T1处理组实验虾平均湿重显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05),其他各处理组之间无显著差异(P<0.05)。食物转化效率、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力均随水体溶解氧的升高而显著增加,在高氧处理组(T4)显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),而淀粉酶活力在4个溶解氧处理组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,低溶解氧会使凡纳滨对虾生长受到抑制、死亡率升高;而超饱和溶解氧则能够促进对虾的饵料转化效率、保证其存活率。     

不同环境因素对三疣梭子蟹“科甬1号”(Portunus trituberculatus)仔蟹蜕壳的影响

为探究三疣梭子蟹"科甬1号"仔蟹最佳蜕壳环境条件,先采用单因素变量实验设计方法,选取温度、盐度、光照时长、p H和底质五种环境因素,分析其对"科甬1号"仔蟹蜕壳的影响。温度组设置17、20、23和26°C,盐度组设置10、15、25和35,光照时长设置0、12和24h光照组,p H组设置6.0、7.5、8.0、8.5和10.0,底质设置有沙和无沙组。实验结果表明,温度组20°C时仔蟹存活率和蜕壳率最高,但蜕壳所需时间最长,26°C时蜕壳起始最早,所需时间最短,但存活率较低;盐度组中,15和25仔蟹存活率和蜕壳率最高;p H组中,7.5、8.0和8.5仔蟹存活率和蜕壳率最高;有沙组仔蟹存活率显著高于无沙组;而光照时长实验组结果差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,得到单因素条件下"科甬1号"仔蟹最佳环境条件:温度20—23°C、盐度15—25、正常日周期光照、p H 7.5—8.5,有沙环境中。利用正交设计实验方法,研究温度、盐度、底质3个因素对"科甬1号"仔蟹蜕壳的影响,并构建多元线性回归模型。结果得到"科甬1号"仔蟹最佳环境条件:温度26°C、盐度25,需要有沙环境,并且拟合得到其日存活率线性回归模型以及日蜕壳率线性回归模型。     

温度和体重对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响

于 2 0 0 0年 2月 2 8日— 4月 1 1日 ,采用实验生态学的方法 ,研究了温度对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响。按海参个体大小分别设立大 [(1 49 9± 2 8 0 )g]、中 [(5 2 1± 1 2 9)g]、小 [(1 7 3± 5 5 )g]3个组别 ,以及 1 0℃、1 5℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、3 0℃ 5个梯度。主要实验结果为 :(1 )大、中规格刺参夏眠前后其耗氧率 (OCR)和排泄率 (AER)变化明显 ,而小规格刺参的耗氧率和排泄率受夏眠的影响较小 ;(2 )在 1 5— 3 0℃条件下 ,刺参的体重 (W)与耗氧量 (R)之间的回归关系符合幂函数方程 R =aWb ,其 a值范围为 0 0 1 1 6— 0 0 4 3 6 ,b值为 0 9475— 1 3 1 2 3。在一定范围内 ,三组刺参的耗氧率都随温度的升高而增大并出现一个峰值 ,但温度变化对小规格刺参的耗氧率影响较小 ,对大、中规格刺参则影响较大 ;(3 )实验温度下 ,刺参的体重 (W )与排泄量 (A )也可用回归方程A =aWb 表示 ,a、b平均值分别为 4 941 0和 0 772 4。在一定范围内 ,随温度的升高刺参的排泄率也呈上升趋势 ,在 2 0℃时大、中规格刺参排泄率出现最高值 ,而小规格刺参排泄率在 2 5℃达到最高     

中草药对凡纳滨对虾生理功效与安全评价的研究

本文研究了中草药对凡纳滨对虾的生理功效和安全性评价。实验将基础饲料作为对照组饲料,在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%黄芪多糖、0.1%黄芪多糖+0.05%大蒜素、0.1%绿原酸、0.1%绿原酸+0.05%大蒜素作为四种实验组饲料(G1-G4),养殖凡纳滨对虾21d,再进行7d攻毒实验。结果表明:3种中草药配方对凡纳滨对虾血细胞数量、吞噬率、血浆抗菌活力和总抗氧化能力影响显著(P0.05),而对照组无明显变化。G1、G2处理组对虾血细胞数量6d后显著高于对照组,G3、G4处理组与对照组无显著差异,各处理组血细胞吞噬率、血浆抗菌活力分别于10d、3d后显著高于对照组水平,除G1处理组外,各处理组血浆总抗氧化能力10d后显著高于对照组,之后各指标均保持稳定;攻毒7d后,各处理组对虾累积死亡率显著低于对照组,累积死亡率为G4G2G3G1对照组。各处理组血浆谷丙转氨酶(GTP)和谷草转氨酶(GOP)活性与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),G1、G2和G4处理组肝胰腺泡状细胞明显增多,其余与对照组组织结构类似,形态正常。由此可见,3种中草药配方对凡纳滨对虾免疫防御和抗氧化具有明显的增强作用,提高了对虾抵御病原菌能力,并对肝胰腺无毒副作用,以G4(0.1%绿原酸+0.05%大蒜素)配方效果最佳。     

温度及其波动对孔石莼生长及光合作用的影响

研究孔石莼(Ulva pertusaKjellm.)在7个恒温处理(5~35℃)下的生长,以确定其适宜的温度范围;并在此适温范围内,对比研究了3个变温处理(23±3),(26±3),(29±3)℃和相应的5个(20,23,26,29,32℃)恒温处理下的生长及光合作用;最后,以25℃恒温为对照,研究了4个[(25±2),(25±3),(25±4),(25±5)℃]不同变温幅度处理对孔石莼的生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明:(1)孔石莼在20~25℃生长最好(P<0.05);以25℃特定生长率最高,(28.33±3.39)%.d-1;(2)变温对孔石莼生长有显著影响(P<0.05),与相应恒温相比,(23±3)℃和(26±3)℃变温下特定生长率升高(P<0.01),(29±3)℃变温下特定生长率减小(P<0.05);光合速率与特定生长率的变化趋势相似,呼吸速率则变化不大,仅在(26±3)℃变温下显著升高(P<0.01);(3)与25℃恒温相比,孔石莼的特定生长率随着变温幅度增大而减小(P<0.01),光合速率在(25±2)℃下显著增强(P<0.05);呼吸速率在不同变温幅度下均显著提高(P<0.01)。     

pH不同处理时间的周期性变动对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

探讨不同的pH变动模式对对虾生长的影响,设计2个独立的实验,分别研究pH值为8.9和4.0的不同时间的处理条件下,酸碱度的周期性变化对凡纳滨对虾的生长的影响,实验1设置了2个恒定pH组(7.9±0.15和4.0±0.10)和5个pH周期性变动的处理:对虾每2天在pH=(4.0±0.10)下分别处理0.5,1,2,4或12 h,其它时间处在正常pH=7.9中.结果表明,每2天1 h以上的pH=4.0的处理就能显著阻碍对虾的生长,而每2天12 h以上的pH=4.0的处理就能显著影响对虾的成活率.实验2设置了两个恒定pH组(分别为7.9±0.15和8.9±0.10)和6个pH周期性变动的处理:对虾每天在pH=8.9±0.10下分别处理0.5,1,2,4,8或12 h,其它时间处在正常pH中(7.9).结果表明恒定的高pH(8.9±0.10)显著抑制了对虾的生长,而每天给予凡纳滨对虾2 h和4 h的pH=8.9的刺激则能提高其摄食率和食物转化率,并显著促进其生长.总之,pH值周期性地向酸性环境方向波动会明显妨碍对虾的生长,而向碱性环境方向的波动则会促进对虾的生长,而且这一影响的强度与波动持续的时间长短有关.     

盐度和水流对青蟹蜕壳及存活的影响

在室内水泥池条件下,对平均体质量为65.3 g±1.52 g的锯缘青蟹(Scylla Serrata)进行了30 d的养殖实验,分别测定其在两种不同盐度和有无水流条件下的蜕壳率和存活率。实验结果表明,盐度15组和25组青蟹成活率差异不显著(P 0.05),但在蜕壳方面盐度15组明显快于盐度25组(P 0.05);水流对青蟹的蜕壳无明显促进作用,但有水流组的存活率显著高于无水流组(P 0.05)。因此,软壳蟹养殖应在适当降低盐度情况下,增加一定量的水流。     

光色对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾耗氧率昼夜变化节律的影响

采用流水装置测定了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾在4种先色处理下耗氧率的昼夜变化.实验设四种光色处理,分别为自然光(590nm)、黄光(580nm)、绿光(525 nm)和蓝光(435nm),光照周期为14L:10D,水温为25.0±0.5℃,实验虾的规格为(5.507±0.147)...     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.