高氨氮垃圾渗滤液SBR法短程深度生物脱氮

以实际垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,应用SBR系统对该类废水短程生物脱氮的可行性进行研究,重点考察了短程生物脱氮实现、稳定及系统的脱氮性能.结果表明,经过95天的运行,SBR系统成功实现并维持了稳定短程生物脱氮,平均亚硝积累率在92.5%以上.获得了稳定的脱氮性能,NH4+-N,TN平均去除率分别在97.2%和91.7%以上.DO、ORP和pH曲线的特征点能够准确判断硝化和反硝化终点,可作为SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程的控制参数.相对于氨氧化菌,亚硝酸盐氧化菌对FA、FNA更敏感,因此两者协同作用抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,再辅以过程控制,能够准确判断硝化终点,实现NOB从系统硝化菌群中逐渐被淘洗,AOB成为优势菌种的目标,这是系统长期维持稳定短程生物脱氮的决定因素,FISH检测结果证明了这一点.     

单一缺氧/厌氧UASB同步反硝化产甲烷与A/O组合工艺处理实际晚期渗滤液

以实际高氮晚期渗滤液为研究对象,应用缺氧/厌氧UASB-A/O组合工艺重点研究有机物和氮的去除特性,同时考察了A/O系统内短程硝化实现途径及稳定方法。试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物和氮的同步、深度去除。在原液COD平均为6537 mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N为2021 mg·L^-1的条件下,系统最终出水分别为300 mg·L^-1和15.6 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为95.4%和99.2%。UASB反应器的平均COD负荷为6.5 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1,去除速率为5.3 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1。在单一UASB反应器内,发生了缺氧反硝化和厌氧产甲烷的双重生化反应,UASB反应器内获得了几乎100%的反硝化率。通过高游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）的协同作用,使A/O反应器实现并维持了稳定的短程硝化,通过99%以上的亚硝化率实现高效的氨氮去除。     

SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的反硝化过程中NO~-_2积累的研究

The nitrite accumulation in the denitrification process is investigated with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating pre-treated landfill leachate in anoxic/anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB). Nitrite accumulates obviously at different initial nitrate concentrations (64.9,54.8,49.3 and 29.5 mg•L－1) and low temperatures, and the two break points on the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) profile indicate the completion of nitrate and nitrite reduction. Usually, the nitrate reduction rate is used as the sole parameter to characterize the denitrification rate, and nitrite is not even measured. For accuracy, the total oxidized nitrogen (nitrate + nitrite) is used as a measure, though details characterizing the process may be overlooked. Additionally, batch tests are conducted to investigate the effects of C/N ratios and types of carbon sources on the nitrite accumulation during the denitrification. It is observed that carbon source is sufficient for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, but for further reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas, is deficient when C/N is below the theoretical critical level of 3.75 based on the stoichiometry of denitrification. Five carbon sources used in this work, except for glucose, may cause the nitrite accumulation. From experimental results and cited literature, it is concluded that Alcaligene species may be contained in the SBR activated-sludge system.     

改进型分段进水厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺强化营养物去除

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (SFA²/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q₁)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA²/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q₁ was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61% in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62% in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q₁=0.45Q_total) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58mg·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.     

基于BP神经网络的A/O脱氮系统外加碳源的仿真研究

对连续流缺氧/好氧（A/O）脱氮工艺处理低碳氮比（C/N）生活污水的外加碳源系统进行了仿真研究.由于处理系统的外加碳源量、总回流比和出水总氮（TN）之间存在的复杂非线性关系,很难用常规的参数型模型进行描述,给处理系统控制策略的实现带来较大的困难.针对该问题,引入了BP神经网络,通过神经网络对试验数据的学习建立系统的非参数型模型,通过该模型对系统进行仿真研究,可以达到优化碳源投加量的目的.研究结果表明,经过训练的BP神经网络模型可以很好地模拟处理系统,根据仿真分析结果可以实现碳源投加量的优化控制,这为污水处理系统在线最优控制的实现提供了一条可行的途径.     

进水C/P比对A2/O工艺性能的影响

我国当前面临着严重的水体富营养化问题,A²/O工艺是一种有效的同步脱氮除磷工艺,但其中进水C/P比是其运行效果的重要影响因素,为深入考察不同进水C/P比对A²/O工艺运行性能的影响,试验设计了4种进水C/P比 (55、45、34、23),研究了A²/O工艺中COD、总氮、磷和污泥特性的变化.实验结果表明,当进水C/P比小于32时,磷的去除效果随C/P比的降低而线性降低;当进水C/P比高于32时,磷的去除效果稳定在90%～98%,出水磷浓度小于0.5 mg•L^-1.但是C/P比的变化,对COD和总氮的去除率影响较小,平均去除率分别高于90%和75%.而剩余污泥中磷含量则随C/P比的下降而增加.实验发现,不同C/P比系统均存在反硝化除磷现象,可以实现“一碳两用”,有利于氮磷去除效果的提高.     

SBR法处理工业废水中pH值引起的活性污泥上浮

用SBR法处理啤酒废水和化工废水时,进水pH值在5.0-10.0范围内,污泥活性基本正常,不出现污泥上浮;当进水pH值为2.5-5.0和10.0-12.0时,pH值越低（或越高）,污泥活性受抑制越严重,上浮污泥量越多,出水的COD也越高。低pH值（3.5-7.0）的反应周期内控制pH值不变,两种废水的活性污泥在pH值≤5.5时就开始出现污泥上浮,上浮污泥量增多,且化工废水较啤酒废水污泥活性抑制和污泥上浮程度更加严重。在试验的pH值变化范围内（2.5-12.0),两种废水处理系统中的污泥指数SVI≤150mL/g,镜检未见真菌和其它过量丝状菌。可见,用SBR法处理工业废水,过低或过高的pH值不一定引起污泥膨胀,而主要发生活性污泥的活性抑制和污泥上浮。     

分段进水工艺水力停留时间的优化与运行策略

本研究采用改良A/O四点分段进水工艺处理低浓度、低碳氮比市政废水。在进水流量分配比为20%∶35%∶35%∶10%、缺氧/好氧体积比为1∶1、SRT为15d、污泥回流比为75%条件下,通过调整不同的水力停留时间(HRT),研究HRT对污染物去除性能的影响以及确保出水污染物达标的最短HRT与运行策略。结果表明:HRT从8.7h降低至6h,对COD、TP的去除基本无影响,但出水氨氮、TN浓度随之升高,并且进水碳源有效利用率以及好氧段同步硝化反硝化(SND)效果随之降低。当HRT为6h时,通过控制好氧段DO为1.0～1.5mg.L-1联合在好氧段投加悬浮填料的策略,出水COD、氨氮、TN、TP浓度分别为25.92、1.98、14.5和0.47mg.L-1;悬浮填料的投加可以优化出水氨氮和好氧段SND效果,且SND比例达到22%,但对进水碳源有效利用率的提高不明显。     

垃圾渗滤液处理工艺研究及应用现状浅析

垃圾渗滤液的处理一直是水处理行业的热点和难点.阐述了渗滤液的产生及水质特点,对渗滤液的处理方法进行了分类,介绍了近年来用于渗滤液处理的主要物化方法和生化方法并简要说明了各自的优缺点.生化方法是渗滤液处理的核心工艺,而物化方法一般用于渗滤液的预处理和深度处理.如何深度挖掘生化工艺的处理潜力,提高活性污泥法对渗滤液的脱氮效率是未来渗滤液技术发展的主要方向.     

UASB-A/O处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液同步除有机物脱氮长期稳定性试验研究

采用升流式厌氧污泥床-缺氧/好氧(UASB-A/O)生化系统处理城市垃圾渗滤液,考察系统除有机物脱氮效能及低温条件下A/O的硝化特性.623 d试验结果表明:通过UASB反应器内厌氧菌的产甲烷作用和异养菌的反硝化作用,耦合A/O系统内的缺氧反硝化和好氧生物降解机制,实现了渗滤液内有机物和氮同步深度去除.在进水渗滤液内化学需氧量质量浓度ρ(COD)为1 237~13 813 mg/L,平均值为(5 640±2 567)mg/L,UASB-A/O系统出水ρ(COD)为280~1 257 mg/L,平均值为(546±285)mg/L.在进水渗滤液内氨氮质量浓度ρ(NH_4~+-N)为148~2414 mg/L,平均值为(1 381±634)mg/L,UASB-A/O系统出水ρ(NH_4~+-N)均低于50 mg/L.整个实验过程中,A/O反应器克服了季节性温度变化的不利影响,始终维持了高效的生物硝化和反硝化.即使在冬季低于15℃温度条件下,A/O系统内的生物脱氮效率仍然维持在90%以上.