改进的CR-InSAR技术用于四川甲居滑坡形变监测

采用一种改进的基于相位相干性的非线性人工角反射器InSAR解算算法,不仅能有效地避免相位解缠误差,而且对于大尺度形变梯度具有较强的探测能力。将该方法用于四川丹巴县甲居滑坡形变监测试验,获取了位于甲居滑坡上角反射器的形变结果。通过与小基线集InSAR算法以及基于解缠相位的CR-InSAR算法结果比较,该方法更能准确获取非线性形变时间序列结果,合理地揭示了甲居滑坡明显的形变特征。     

相位萃取技术在InSAR小数据集上的应用

相位萃取技术可最小化多基线InSAR处理中干涉像对的去相关噪声,已成为雷达干涉测量研究领域中热点技术之一。本文首先设计并实现了一套专门针对小数据集的基于相位萃取技术的多基线InSAR处理流程。整个流程分为两大模块。第一个模块为称为预处理模块,通过图像配准、地形相位移除等操作生成相位萃取技术所需的零基线SAR图像堆栈。第二个模块首先基于多视像元生成相干矩阵,并且在此基础上完成相位萃取操作。然后,利用小基线集技术的思想在萃取相位上分离出各相位稳定点上的形变情况。为了保证结果可靠性,在这一模块中还加入了大气相位预估与移除的步骤。最后,该流程被应用到了5景拍摄于太原地区的PALSAR图像上。实验结果表明,相位萃取技术在小数据集情况下仍然能够有效提升数据的相干性,这有利于多基线InSAR输出结果密度的提升。     

InSAR系列讲座5:InSAR系统中的误差传播

作为InSAR系列讲座的第五篇，本文介绍InSAR高程与形变测量中的误差来源，对主要误差源（干涉相位、基线参数和地形数据）推导出误差传播模型。此外，还将讨论地形数据误差对干涉形变测量的影响。     

阿尔金断裂带宽幅InSAR对流层延迟估计方法评估

近年来,宽幅合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术已被广泛用于地质灾害普查、地壳形变监测等方面,但对流层相位延迟影响极大限制了大范围、缓慢构造形变监测的精度。以覆盖地形起伏强烈的阿尔金断裂带西段的两类宽幅InSAR时间序列为例,分析了欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)、InSAR通用型大气改正在线服务(generic atmospheric correction online service for InSAR, GACOS)、地形相关线性模型这3类方法对大尺度对流层延迟的改正效果。结果表明,经GACOS改正后的Envisat ASAR与Sentinel-1宽幅InSAR干涉图序列的相位标准差均值削减量分别可达68.1%和54.5%,整体优于ECMWF和地形相关线性改正方法,能够为国内外InSAR用户开展宽幅InSAR大范围地质灾害监测等应用提供关键可靠的支持。     

基于相干点目标的多基线D-InSAR技术与地表形变监测

失相干（Decorrelation）与大气波动是影响重复轨差分干涉测量（D-InSAR）进行地表形变信息提取的主要因素。相干性降低使得干涉纹图在空间上表现为不连续,难以完成相位解缠。重复观测时大气波动引起的相位延迟在空间域上的不均一分布则降低了D-InSAR提取形变信息,特别是空间范围覆盖较大的形变场的精度。介绍了一种基于相干目标的多基线D-InSAR数据处理算法。该算法根据少量SAR数据构成多基线干涉纹图集,分别利用点目标检测算法和相干系数均值作为相干目标提取的测度;利用相位回归分析模型对干涉相位进行时间域迭代处理,从干涉相位中提取线性形变速率和DEM误差改正,通过迭代处理补偿高程误差,解算线性地表形变速率。该算法提高了D-InSAR形变监测的时间采样率,能准确获取每个观测时刻的形变累积量。以沧州地区2004—2005年的SAR数据为例,获取了该地区地表沉降线性速率及其演变状况。     

InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究

介绍了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地表沉降以及地下开采活动的原理;利用重轨差分InSAR技术获得了峰峰矿区地表ENVISAT和JERS 1的雷达形变干涉相位图;分析了在矿区地表沉降过程中ENVISATC波段和JERS 1 L波段形变干涉相位图的相干特性、相位特性以及干涉测量技术在矿区地表沉降监测中应用的可行性和局限性。实验结果表明,利用C波段和L波段雷达数据可以实施对矿区地表沉降的监测,但是C波段雷达受到空间干涉基线的限制更加严格,如果要实现对矿区地表沉降的监测,需要充分利用每个卫星回访时期的雷达数据,建立长时序的星载雷达形变干涉相位图序列,才能较好地实现矿区地表沉降监测。     

多基线InSAR干涉图的直接法仿真

为了研究多基线InSAR技术,充分利用长、短基线互补的优势来提高获取DEM的精度及可靠性,设计了一种多基线InSAR干涉图的直接法仿真方案。该方案采用正侧视成像模型,由F Leberl方程建立地面点坐标与像点坐标之间的关系,并针对机载多天线InSAR系统构成的多基线模式,直接由DEM中记录的地面点3维坐标计算像点坐标和干涉相位,再对干涉相位进行重采样以得到像点规则排列的干涉图。采用多套DEM进行了多基线InSAR干涉图的仿真实验,得到了较满意的结果,验证了所设计仿真方案的正确性和有效性。     

多基线InSAR干涉图的直接法仿真

为了研究多基线InSAR技术,充分利用长、短基线互补的优势来提高获取DEM的精度及可靠性,设计了一种多基线InSAR干涉图的直接法仿真方案.该方案采用正侧视成像模型,由F Leberl方程建立地面点坐标与像点坐标之间的关系,并针对机载多天线InSAR系统构成的多基线模式,直接由DEM中记录的地面点3维坐标计算像点坐标和干涉相位,再对干涉相位进行重采样以得到像点规则排列的干涉图.采用多套DEM进行了多基线InSAR干涉图的仿真实验,得到了较满意的结果,验证了所设计仿真方案的正确性和有效性.     

普宁市地面沉降的SBAS技术监测应用研究

InSAR(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术是随着合成孔径雷达发展起来的一种雷达干涉测量新技术,它可获得地表目标点的精确三维空间位置以及细微形变信息。基于雷达干涉测量发展的短基线(Small BAseline Subset,SBAS)干涉测量,可对缓慢地表形变进行高精度的监测。本文以广东省普宁市为实验区,选用2007~2010年间共10景ALOS/PALSAR数据,采用SBAS技术获取了该地区的形变时间序列和平均沉降速率,结果表明普宁市区存在多个严重的沉降漏斗,年最大沉降速率达15cm/a。利用观测时段内两期的水准点观测资料对SBAS时序结果进行验证,对比结果发现两者较差最大为46mm,最小为21mm,表明SBAS技术进行地面沉降监测的可靠性和有效性。     

融合分布式目标的小基线集干涉测量方法应用

针对在地理国情监测项目中遇到的时间序列InSAR技术获取的地表形变结果存在空间采样率不足的现状,该文以传统小基线集干涉测量方法为基础,融合分布式目标提取地表缓慢形变信息。以TerraSAR-X星载SAR SLC影像为数据源,对融合后的方法进行验证,获取了研究区域时间序列地表平均形变速率。结果表明,融合分布式目标的小基线集算法可以有效提高监测区域地表形变信息的获取,在非城市地区及传统方法不能提取高相干稳定点目标的区域克服了原有方法的缺点,表现出了很好的适用性。     

Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French–German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method

We present a novel methodology for integration of multiple InSAR data sets for computation of two dimensional time series of ground deformation. The proposed approach allows combination of SAR data acquired with different acquisition parameters, temporal and spatial sampling and resolution, wavelength and polarization. Produced time series have combined coverage, improved temporal resolution and lower noise level. We apply this methodology for mapping coal mining related ground subsidence and uplift in the Greater Region of Luxembourg along the French–German border. For this we processed 167 Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT images acquired between 1995 and 2009 from one ascending (track 29) and one descending (track 337) tracks and created over five hundred interferograms that were used for time series analysis. Derived vertical and east–west linear deformation rates show with remarkable precision a region of localized ground deformation located above and caused by mining and post-mining activities. Time series of ground deformation display temporal variability: reversal from subsidence to uplift and acceleration of subsidence in the vertical component, and horizontal motion toward the center of the subsidence on the east–west component. InSAR results are validated by leveling measurements collected by the French Geological Survey (BRGM) during 2006–2008. We determined that deformation rate changes are mainly caused by water level variations in the mines. Due to higher temporal and spatial resolution the proposed space-borne method detected a larger number of subsidence and uplift areas in comparison to leveling measurements restricted to annual monitoring of benchmark points along roads. We also identified one deformation region that is not precisely located above the mining sites. Comparison of InSAR measurements with the water levels measured in the mining pits suggest that part of the water that filled the galleries after termination of the dewatering systems may come from this region. Providing that enough SAR data is available, this method opens new opportunities for detecting and locating man-made and natural ground deformation signals with high temporal resolution and precision.     

百年煤城地表沉降融合PS/SBAS InSAR监测——以徐州市为例

融合PS/SBAS算法成为当前InSAR技术的研究热点,本文通过融合PS/SBAS的优势,利用128景ALOS PALSAR影像和24景Radarsat-2影像获取了百年煤城徐州地区2007-2015年的地表形变场及变化趋势。试验结果表明：①2007-2011年,徐州主要有4个沉降区,分布在沛县、丰县、铜山区和贾汪区。②2012-2015年,沛县、丰县和铜山区地表沉降范围有所扩大;贾汪区地表沉降范围和速率明显减小,说明近年来贾汪区重点治理采矿塌陷工作已初步见效;另外,睢宁县县城出现明显沉降。③已有文献对沛县大屯中心区的沉降监测结果验证了试验结果是可靠的。④首次提取了徐州近8年间地表沉降的信息,可为该地区开展地表沉降调查监测与防治工作提供参考;试验方法可为全国开展地表沉降调查监测工作提供参考。     

基于SAR干涉点目标分析技术的城市地表形变监测

通过深入研究干涉点目标的相位模型,提出基于空间搜索的邻近点目标干涉相位差解缠方法,用以计算点目标的地形残差和线性形变,以及分离点目标大气延迟相位和非线性形变相位的时空域滤波方法,解决干涉点目标分析中的关键问题.最后,以苏州地区地表沉降监测为应用试验,利用形成的SAR干涉点目标形变信息提取技术,获取苏州市区1992-2002年间的地表沉降信息.研究结果与已有文献记录保持比较好的一致性,证明SAR干涉点目标技术完全可以发展成为应用于城市地表形变监测的实用化技术.

Abstract：

Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) is one of the latest developments in radar interferometric processing. It is achieved by analysis of the interferometric phases of some individual point targets, which are discrete and present temporarily stable backscattering characteristics, in long temporal series of interferometric SAR images. This paper analyzes the interferometric phase model of point targets, and then addresses two key issues within IPTA process. Firstly, a spatial searching method is proposed to unwrap the interferometric phase difference between two neighboring point targets. The height residual error and linear deformation rate of each point target can then be calculated, when a global reference point with known height correction and deformation history is chosen. Secondly, a spatial-temporal filtering scheme is proposed to further separate the atmosphere phase and nonlinear deformation phase from the residual interferometric phase. Finally, an experiment of the developed IPTA methodology is conducted over Suzhou urban area. Totally 38 ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 3 546 point targets in the time span of 1992-2002 are generated. The IPTA-derivecl deformation shows very good agreement with the published result, which demonstrates that the IPTA technique can be developed into an operational tool to map the ground subsidence over urban area.     

Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A case study in Suzhou,China

Ground subsidence, mainly caused by over exploitation of groundwater and other underground resources, such as oil, gas and coal, occurs in many cities in China. The annual direct loss associated with subsidence across the country is estimated to exceed 100 million US dollar. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) is a powerful tool to map ground deformation at an unprecedented level of spatial detail. It has been widely used to investigate the deformation resulting from earthquakes, volcanoes and subsidence. Repeat-pass InSAR, however, may fail due to impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and heterogeneous refractivity of atmosphere. In urban areas, a large amount of natural stable radar reflectors exists, such as buildings and engineering structures, at which radar signals can remain coherent during a long time interval. Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) technique, also known as persistent scatterers (PS) InSAR is based on these reflectors. It overcomes the shortfalls in conventional InSAR. This paper presents a procedure for urban subsidence monitoring with IPTA. Calculation of linear deformation rate and height residual, and the non-linear deformation estimate, respectively, are discussed in detail. Especially, the former is highlighted by a novel and easily implemented 2-dimensional spatial search algorithm. Practically useful solutions that can significantly improve the robustness of IPTA, are recommended. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to mapping the ground subsidence in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Thirty-four ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 38,881 point targets between 1992 and 2000 are generated. The IPTA-derived deformation estimates correspond well with leveling measurements, demonstrating the potential of the proposed subsidence monitoring procedure based on IPTA technique. Two shortcomings of the IPTA-based procedure, e.g., the requirement of large number of SAR images and assumed linear plus non-linear deformation model, are discussed as the topics of further research.     

Measurement of subsidence in the Yangbajing geothermal fields,Tibet, from TerraSAR-X InSAR time series analysis

Yangbajain contains the largest geothermal energy power station in China. Geothermal explorations in Yangbajain first started in 1976, and two plants were subsequently built in 1981 and 1986. A large amount of geothermal fluids have been extracted since then, leading to considerable surface subsidence around the geothermal fields. In this paper, InSAR time series analysis is applied to map the subsidence of the Yangbajain geothermal fields during the period from December 2011 to November 2012 using 16 senses of TerraSAR-X stripmap SAR images. In the case of the TerraSAR-X data, most orbital fringes were removed using precise orbits during the interferometric processing. However, residual orbital ramps remain in some interferograms due to the uncertainties in the TerraSAR-X orbits. To remove the residual orbital ramps, we estimated a best-fit ‘twisted plane’ for each epoch interferogram using quadratic polynomial models based on a network approach. This method removes most of the long-wavelength signals, including orbit ramps and atmospheric effects. The vertically strati?ed component (Topography Correlated Atmospheric Delay, TCAD) was also removed using a network approach. If the influence of seasonal frozen ground (SFG) is not taken into consideration, our results show that the subsidence rate around power plant I (the south plant) is approximately 20?mm/yr with a peak of 30?mm/yr. The subsidence rate around power plant II (the north plant) is approximately 10?mm/yr, when accounting for the influence of SFG on the power plant and its surrounding ground surface. Our results show that ground motion is caused by seasonal frozen ground and is strongly related to the temperature change.     

一种面向时间序列InSAR的不连通子网快速连接方法

时间序列InSAR技术目前已广泛应用于地表形变监测,尤其是稳定点目标较多地区的城市地面沉降监测。然而,实际应用中受大气相关距离限制以及模型相干系数阈值影响,连接点目标的Delaunay三角网常常不能完整地连接所有点目标,出现若干个不连通的子网。这种现象导致无法获取部分点目标的形变信息,特别是在非城镇地区影响尤为明显。为了提取大区域地表形变信息,本文提出了一种多层级、不同步长的子网最近邻点目标快速连接方法。其显著特点是通过逐层联网的方式,可快速减少子网数目。与现有复杂网络连接方法相比,该方法在保证结果精度的前提下,数据处理耗时仅为前者的32.56%。     

雷达影像地表形变干涉测量的机遇、挑战与展望

随着合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星的不断发射,合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)得到前所未有的发展机遇,同时也面临诸多挑战。本文首先简要介绍了SAR卫星发展现状与InSAR技术的基本原理,并系统梳理了干涉图堆叠(InSAR stacking)、小基线集干涉测量(small baseline subset InSAR,SBAS-InSAR)、永久散射体干涉测量(persistent scatterer InSAR,PS-InSAR)、分布式散射体干涉测量(distributed scatterer InSAR,DS-InSAR)和分频干涉测量(split-bandwidth interferometry,SBI)等先进InSAR技术的优缺点。在此基础上,指出目前InSAR技术面临的主要挑战(相位失相干、大气延迟、相位解缠、几何畸变和多维变形测量)及相应的解决方案。进一步从地震、火山、滑坡、地面沉降、冰川运动、人工建构筑物位移变形及大气水汽含量估计等不同的应用场景分析了InSAR技术的应用现状和存在的缺陷。最后,展望目前InSAR的发展趋势,随着更高空间分辨率,更高时间分辨率,更轻小化SAR卫星的不断发展,InSAR技术将会被应用到越来越多的新场景,激励我国雷达影像干涉测量更快发展。     

基于差分雷达干涉测量的矿区地面沉降监测研究

收集了1992年12月至1998年6月JERS-1L波段雷达数据,利用差分雷达干涉测量技术进行地面沉降监测研究。通过"二轨法"进行差分处理,选择其中的6景差分雷达干涉图进行分析。在研究区内发现了4个沉降区域,并按照时间序列通过对地面形变图进行分析,获取其中两个沉降区最大的垂直沉降量。     

基于时序InSAR的即墨市区地表形变监测

地面沉降是一种对地面及地下基础设施造成安全隐患,对经济可持续发展和环境保护产生破坏影响的地质灾害现象。本文使用2017年5月至2018年5月16景Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像,根据D-InSAR的初步形变监测结果将即墨城区内沉降明显的区域作为研究区,基于PS和SBAS两种时序InSAR方法对该区域进行地面沉降监测,获得的沉降分布和形变时序结果吻合。地面沉降的分布与新建高层建筑区吻合,地面形变趋势与区域降水量和地下水水位变化有较高的相关性。研究结果有助于了解即墨城区的地表沉降状况以及原因,为地面沉降综合治理和地下水水资源开发利用提供参考依据。