基于高分辨率TerraSAR-X影像的PSInSAR地表形变监测

利用2011年10月—2013年7月间获取的37景TerraSAR-X高分辨率条带模式SAR数据,采用干涉测量点目标分析(interferometric point target analysis,IPTA)技术得到常州地区因工厂集中开采地下水所引起的地表沉降信息,即常州市武进地区有多处地表沉降,在2011—2013年间最大沉降速率为31.494 mm/a。通过与Envisat ASAR数据获取的平均沉降速率对比,说明TerraSAR-X数据不仅可以提高永久散射体(permanment scatter,PS)的点密度,而且能更好地描述散射体的细节变化和微量位移情况,体现出TerraSAR-X数据监测地表形变的优势。沈海高速公路常州沿线地面沉降的监测结果表明:TerraSAR-X数据在人工线状地物形变监测中具有广阔的应用前景;IPTA监测结果与水准测量结果具有较好的一致性,表明将IPTA技术应用于城市地表形变监测的正确性。     

Fast algorithm for maneuvering target detection in SAR imagery based on gridding and fusion of texture features

Designing detection algorithms with high efficiency for Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) imagery is essential for the operator SAR Automatic Target Recognition(ATR) system.This work abandons the detection strategy of visiting every pixel in SAR imagery as done in many traditional detection algorithms,and introduces the gridding and fusion idea of different texture fea-tures to realize fast target detection.It first grids the original SAR imagery,yielding a set of grids to be classified into clutter grids and target grids,and then calculates the texture features in each grid.By fusing the calculation results,the target grids containing potential maneuvering targets are determined.The dual threshold segmentation technique is imposed on target grids to obtain the regions of interest.The fused texture features,including local statistics features and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix(GLCM),are investigated.The efficiency and superiority of our proposed algorithm were tested and verified by comparing with existing fast de-tection algorithms using real SAR data.The results obtained from the experiments indicate the promising practical application val-ue of our study.     

IPTA监测圣佩德罗湾港口地表时序沉降

常规D-InSAR技术已成功应用于由于火山、地震等引起的地表形变监测,然而受时间失相干和大气延迟等影响,该技术监测地表沉降形变的精度只能达厘米级。本文以美国圣佩德罗湾港口为研究对象,采用干涉点目标分析(IPTA)技术,选用二维线性相位模型对时序差分干涉相位图迭代回归分析,逐次去除大气延迟、DEM误差以及噪声等的影响,最终提取出准确可靠的形变序列相位信息。结果证明IPTA技术对长期微小的地壳累积形变探测具有广阔的应用前景,而且IPTA技术在实现效率和数据存储方面都优于常规的PS-InSAR。     

Similar single-difference model and its algorithm for solving GPS monitoring deformation directly at single epoch

A new similar singledifference mathematical model ( SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithm are advanced to solve the deformation of monitoring point directly in single epoch. The method for building the SSDM is introduced in detail, and the main error sources affecting the accuracy of deformation measurement are analyzed briefly, and the basic algorithm and steps of solving the deformation are discussed. In order to validate the correctness and the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with five dual frequency receivers is carried out on a slideway which moved in plane in Feb. 2001. In the test, five sessions are observed. The numerical results of test data show that the advanced model is correct.     

House change detection based on DSM of aerial image in urban area

The change of house often brings on the change of DSM in an area over different periods. If we can apply information of the height of houses to reinforce the house change detection, the reliability and efficiency of detection methods will be improved greatly.From this viewpoint, a new approach taking advantage of both height data from an image pair and image data is proposed to detect the house change in urban area and is called "data fusion technology".     

Change detection based on DSM and image features in urban areas

On the basis of atereo image analysis,the change detection of man-made objects in urban areas is in-troduced. Information of the height of man-made objects can be applied to reinforce their change detection. By comparison between the new and old DSMs, the changed regions are extracted. However, our aim is to detect changes of man-made objects in urban area and further in the potental areas by the means of line-feature matching and gradient direction histogram. The experiments based on the aerial images from Japan have proven that the algorithm is correct and efficient.     

Analysis of systematic error influences on accuracy of airborne laser scanning altimetry

The error sources related to the laser rangefinder, GPS and INS are analyzed in details. Several coordinates systems used in airborne laser scanning are set up, and then the basic formula of system is given.This paper emphasizes on discussing the kinematic offset correction between GPS antenna phase center and laser fired point. And kinematic time delay influence on laser footprint position, the ranging errors, positioning errors, attitude errors and integration errors of the system are also explored. Finally, the result shows that thekinematic time delay can be neglected as compared with other error sources. The accuracy of the coordinates is not only influenced by the amplitude of the error, but also controlled by the operation parameters such as flight height, scanning angle amplitude and attitude magnitude of the platform.     

利用车载双天线InSAR系统监测公路边坡形变

星载差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量(differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar,DInSAR)技术已经广泛应用于大范围的地表形变监测,但星载合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)数据获取的地表形变易受大气噪声的影响,且长时间的重访周期会导致像对之间的失相干。为了有效减弱这些影响,提出了利用零空间基线的车载合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)系统监测公路边坡形变的方法。在车载双天线系统采集不同时相的公路边坡SAR数据时,通过轨道控制使得异时相干涉对的空间基线接近零,从而使得利用DInSAR数据进行形变信息提取时可以减少去平地相位的过程,极大地简化了差分干涉处理的流程。以中国湖北省武汉市某区域获取的车载双天线InSAR数据为例,使用所提出的方法对7个布设的角反射器点进行形变精度分析,得到形变值均方根误差为2.206 mm。     

Spatial correlation description of deformation object based on fuzzy clustering and geological analysis

The methods of deformation analysis and modeling at single point are realized easily now,but available approaches do not make full use of the information from monitoring points and can not reveal integrated deformation regularity of a deformable body.This paper presents a fuzzy clusetering method to analyze the correlative relations of multiple points in space,and then the spatial model for a practical dangerous rockmass in the area of Three Gorges,Yangtze River is established,in which the correlation of six points in space is analyzed by geological investigation and fuzzy set theory.     

Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A case study in Suzhou,China

Ground subsidence, mainly caused by over exploitation of groundwater and other underground resources, such as oil, gas and coal, occurs in many cities in China. The annual direct loss associated with subsidence across the country is estimated to exceed 100 million US dollar. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) is a powerful tool to map ground deformation at an unprecedented level of spatial detail. It has been widely used to investigate the deformation resulting from earthquakes, volcanoes and subsidence. Repeat-pass InSAR, however, may fail due to impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and heterogeneous refractivity of atmosphere. In urban areas, a large amount of natural stable radar reflectors exists, such as buildings and engineering structures, at which radar signals can remain coherent during a long time interval. Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) technique, also known as persistent scatterers (PS) InSAR is based on these reflectors. It overcomes the shortfalls in conventional InSAR. This paper presents a procedure for urban subsidence monitoring with IPTA. Calculation of linear deformation rate and height residual, and the non-linear deformation estimate, respectively, are discussed in detail. Especially, the former is highlighted by a novel and easily implemented 2-dimensional spatial search algorithm. Practically useful solutions that can significantly improve the robustness of IPTA, are recommended. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to mapping the ground subsidence in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. Thirty-four ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 38,881 point targets between 1992 and 2000 are generated. The IPTA-derived deformation estimates correspond well with leveling measurements, demonstrating the potential of the proposed subsidence monitoring procedure based on IPTA technique. Two shortcomings of the IPTA-based procedure, e.g., the requirement of large number of SAR images and assumed linear plus non-linear deformation model, are discussed as the topics of further research.     

基线抖动对干涉SAR 相位的影响

提出并分析了基线抖动造成的干涉SAR 相位误差模型。基于干涉SAR 基线抖动模型, 分为水平抖动和 垂直抖动, 推导了存在基线抖动情况下辅天线复图像信号模型及基线抖动带来的干涉相位误差公式, 分析了基线 抖动对成像质量和干涉相位的影响, 针对SRTM 系统进行了计算机仿真。通过基于基线抖动的干涉SAR 原始回波 数据计算, 仿真了点目标和面目标场景的回波信号, 并进行成像得到了复图像和干涉条纹, 仿真结果验证了理论分 析的正确性。     

时间序列InSAR技术中的形变模型研究

时间序列InSAR技术,包括PS-InSAR技术和小基线集InSAR技术, 能有效克服传统D-InSAR的失相干限制, 逐步成为形变测量中的实用化技术。但是, 现有时间序列InSAR技术主要采用线性函数对真实形变进行模拟, 在真实形变呈现强烈的非线性时, 这种处理将不能得到正确的形变结果。本文就时间序列InSAR的形变模型问题展开研究, 首先从干涉相位模型解算的方法入手, 深入分析了线性形变模型的不足, 当干涉点目标的密度不够并且真实形变的非线性较强时, 干涉相位方程的解将会发散。根据魏尔斯特拉斯逼近定理, 提出以高阶多项式取代线性形变模型, 并给出了基于多项式形变模型的干涉相位方程解算方法。 利用太原市2003-2009年的23景ENVISAT ASAR影像, 分别采用线性形变模型和三次多项式形变模型, 利用小基线集技术进行了形变反演。将这两种方法得到的结果分别与水准测量结果进行了比较。结果表明, 采用多项式形变模型不仅能取得更高的形变测量精度,而且能提高点目标的密度。由于高阶多项式总能比低阶多项式更准确地拟合连续函数, 因此本文提出的多项式形变模型在时间序列InSAR形变监测中具有广泛的应用价值。     

一种基于曲线SAR的三维目标特征提取与自聚焦新算法

曲线合成孔径雷达（Curvilinear Synthetic Aperture Radar,简称曲线SAR）是一种新的三维成像模式，通过让载机作曲线飞行，曲线SAR系统能同时在方位维和高度维形成大的合成孔径。本文提出一种曲线SAR的三维目标特征提取和自聚焦新方法。新方法是建立在一种灵活的接收数据模型之上的参数化的新方法。仿真实验证明了所提方法的有效性。     

Lithology-controlled subsidence and seasonal aquifer response in the Bandung basin,Indonesia, observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry

Land subsidence in the Bandung basin, West Java, Indonesia, is characterized based on differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) and interferometric point target analysis (IPTA). We generated interferograms from 21 ascending SAR images over the period 1 January 2007 to 3 March 2011. The estimated subsidence history shows that subsidence continuously increased reaching a cumulative 45 cm during this period, and the linear subsidence rate reached ∼12 cm/yr. This significant subsidence occurred in the industrial and densely populated residential regions of the Bandung basin where large amounts of groundwater are consumed. However, in several areas the subsidence patterns do not correlate with the distribution of groundwater production wells and mapped aquifer degradation. We conclude that groundwater production controls subsidence, but lithology is a counteracting factor for subsidence in the Bandung basin. Moreover, seasonal trends of nonlinear surface deformations are highly related with the variation of rainfall. They indicate that there is elastic expansion (rebound) of aquifer system response to seasonal-natural recharge during rainy season.     

使用ERS-1/2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM

干涉合成孔径雷达（ＩＮＳＡＲ）数据已被证明能生产精确的数据高程模型（ＤＥＭ），我们已开发了从单视ＳＡＲ复影像数据自动生成数字高程模型的新软件，基于ＳＡＲ多视强度影像的最小二乘曩像匹配被用于复影像对的配准，达到很高的配准精度（０．０１～０．０５像元精度）。一种新的计算目标点３维坐标（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚ）的方程还被提出，卫星轨道，姿态和基线参数以及相位常数被纳入在方程中并被表示了时间的线性函数，利用至少６个地面控制点能够同时估算这些参数，本文还给出了意大利埃特地区ＥＲＳ－１／２ＳＡＲ数据处理结果。     

轨道误差对InSAR 数据处理的影响

轨道参数是InSAR 数据处理中一个重要的参数,对从最初的图像配准到最后的高程值或形变值图像生成都有着重要的影响.含有误差的轨道参数造成基线误差以残差条纹的形式存在于干涉图中.完全去除残差条纹要求轨道绝对精度低于1mm,目前的定轨精度远不能满足要求.这里推导了轨道误差和残差干涉条纹的关系,分析了轨道误差对高程值和形变值影响的特点,提出采用二次多项式拟合的方法去除残差干涉条纹,并以巴姆地区的 ENVISAT 数据证明了提出方法的有效性.     

基于临时相干目标监测非城区地表形变

永久散射体干涉测量技术(PSInSAR)地表形变监测能力受限于稳定散射体的空间分布密度,在PS点稀疏的非城区不再有效。本文基于临时相干目标(temporarily coherent targets,TCT)局部时序高相干性和在非城区广泛分布的特点,提出改进算法以解决该难题。该算法通过顾及季节性周期变化筛选干涉对以保留TCT信息,并利用双阈值联合筛选法提取TCT,采用多次差分挖掘、分离TCT相位,最后反演得到TCT形变速率和高程修正量。利用TCT算法,采用24景Sentinel-1A卫星影像提取了靖边县2014-10-23—2016-05-09期间地表形变信息。通过PSInSAR的对比验证,表明临时相干目标时序分析方法能显著提高非城区监测目标空间分布密度并能有效地监测非城区地表形变。     

Ground Moving Target Indication Using an InSAR System With a Hybrid Baseline

In this letter, a two-channel airborne experimental interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) designed for terrain height estimation is exploited to acquire the ability of ground moving target indication (GMTI). Due to the hybrid baseline of this system, the interferometric phase changes with the target motion as well as the terrain height. The fluctuation of the interferometric phase worsens the performance of the clutter suppression and the radial velocity estimation. In order to resolve this problem, a GMTI method with three steps is proposed. After two steps are used to eliminate the local flat-Earth phase and the cross-track interferometric phase of the scene, respectively, an adaptive filtering method is used to suppress the stationary clutter with the benefit of calibrating the sensor responses. A conventional constant false alarm rate detector is then used to indicate the moving targets. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated with real data collected using an experimental airborne InSAR system.