2002年世界恐怖事件

2002年是恐怖主义猖獗的一年,无辜的老百姓付出了惨重的代价。在去年的“9·11”恐怖主义事件后,美国总统布什发誓要铲除阿富汗的恐怖势力。全球不断孳生的恐怖活动也引起了国际社会的重视,各国纷纷组织专门力量来打击恐怖主义。     

地理信息共享环境研究

地理信息共享是地理信息系统研究领域的莺要研究方向之一.在总结、整合与发展前人研究成果的基础上,完善了地理信息共享环境的概念,明确了地理信息共享环境是由管理环境、标准环境和技术环境所组成,提出地理信息共享环境体系框架,并对其组成要素进行较为详细的论述.     

水声环境仿真及其可视化技术研究

针对水声环境对舰艇声纳探测效能的显著影响以及主要海域海洋环境特点,建立了浅海和深海水声环境仿真模型,实现了对海区水声环境的快速、准确预报。提出了基于3维声场纹理预积分的水声环境体可视化方法,实现了对水下声场的直观表达与多维分析,从而为水声环境的认知、教学训练以及决策支持提供了有效手段。     

水声环境仿真及其可视化技术研究

针对水声环境对舰艇声纳探测效能的显著影响以及主要海域海洋环境特点,建立了浅海和深海水声环境仿真模型,实现了对海区水声环境的快速、准确预报.提出了基于3维声场纹理预积分的水声环境体可视化方法,实现了对水下声场的直观表达与多维分析,从而为水声环境的认知、教学训练以及决策支持提供了有效手段.     

区域资源环境承载力评价信息平台设计与实现

结合资源环境承载力综合评价技术与方法,设计开发了资源环境承载力评价信息平台。本平台主要实现了资源环境承载力基础数据管理、导入和导出、资源环境承载力评价8大类指标的计算及等级评价、评价结果展示等功能,最终实现资源与环境的科学管理和合理应用,为我国区域协调、生态安全、资源保证能力、重大设施建设、国土开发利用、国土资源规划提供信息服务。同时,也为资源环境承载力综合评价的研究工作提供技术支撑。     

数据仓库在城市环境管理中的应用

针对当前城市环境管理中存在的问题 ,初步提出一种基于数据仓库的城市环境管理系统的基本框架 ,探讨了该系统建立中数据仓库的数据组织、数据挖掘、知识发现方法等关键技术问题 ,并进一步阐述了城市环境管理系统中数据仓库的建立方法 ,最后以大城市环境管理系统为例 ,说明数据仓库在城市环境管理系统中的具体应用。     

环境一号卫星及其在环境监测中的应用

2008年9月发射的环境一号卫星是中国自主研发的首颗专门用于环境与灾害监测的新型卫星,对中国环境遥感监测技术发展与应用具有里程碑意义。围绕环境一号卫星应用关键技术研究与业务运行,首先对在大量研究基础上形成的环境一号卫星技术性能指标进行了介绍和分析,给出了环境一号卫星CCD、红外和超光谱数据的实例,并从几何精度和辐射特性等多个方面对环境一号卫星数据质量进行了分析和评价;然后从大型水体环境遥感监测、区域环境空气遥感监测、宏观生态环境遥感监测的角度,系统提出了环境一号卫星的应用需求;在此基础上设计了包括业务流程和数据产品定义在内的环境一号卫星应用方案;最后将所建立的基于环境一号卫星的环境参数反演方法用于京津塘地区气溶胶光学厚度及巢湖叶绿素a浓度反演,显示了环境一号卫星应用的作用和效果。     

全球矿业投资中矿山环境准入指标体系研究

在境外矿产勘查开发投资中,矿山环境准入是一个很重要的因素,关系到勘查开发工作是否能够顺利进行。本文根据指标体系建立的原则,通过建立在矿产勘查开发投资中矿山环境准入的指标体系,计算了矿山环境成本指数,评价了世界主要国家的矿山环境准入门槛,并分别得出了美洲和澳大利亚是环境准入门槛和环境成本最高的国家和地区,环境状况较差、环境成本较低的国家主要分布在中亚和非洲等结论。最后为勘查开发企业“走出去”提出了建议。     

城市投资环境综合评价模型及软件系统的建立与应用

本文综合应用 DELPHI法、层次分析法(AHP)、最优综合评价模型、广义量化方法及灰色理论,探讨了城市投资环境评价指标体系,改进了现有权重计算和指标量化方法;建立了城市投资环境综合评价模型,开发了城市投资环境综合评价支持系统。应用该系统对西南三省和华南二省区的59 个城市投资环境进行了多层次综合评价及灵敏度分析,效果较为理想。     

美国地质调查局环境地质科学现状、战略及启示

近年来,美国地质调查局（USGS）极大地拓展了其传统的基础地质、矿产地质和水文地质领域,形成了包含气候与土地利用变化、自然灾害、环境健康、水资源、生态（生物）系统等在内的广义的环境地质领域。本文从观测、机理研究、评估预测、信息传播4个方面分析了USGS环境地质科学研究工作现状,概括梳理了未来10年在环境地质领域的科学发展战略,勾勒出其根据国家需求由学科统领向重大问题统领工作格局转变的发展路线和脉络。在此基础上,提出了对我国环境地质调查和研究工作的启示：根据国家重大需求变化,加强面向生态管理的环境地质基础研究;加强人一地界面地质过程研究,服务优化国土空间开发格局;夯实地质环境事件快速响应科学基础,支撑政府应急管理。     

Very high resolution Earth Observation features for testing the direct and indirect effects of landscape structure on local habitat quality

Modelling the empirical relationships between habitat quality and species distribution patterns is the first step to understanding human impacts on biodiversity. It is important to build on this understanding to develop a broader conceptual appreciation of the influence of surrounding landscape structure on local habitat quality, across multiple spatial scales. Traditional models which report that ‘habitat amount’ in the landscape is sufficient to explain patterns of biodiversity, irrespective of habitat configuration or spatial variation in habitat quality at edges, implicitly treat each unit of habitat as interchangeable and ignore the high degree of interdependence between spatial components of land-use change. Here, we test the contrasting hypothesis, that local habitat units are not interchangeable in their habitat attributes, but are instead dependent on variation in surrounding habitat structure at both patch- and landscape levels. As the statistical approaches needed to implement such hierarchical causal models are observation-intensive, we utilise very high resolution (VHR) Earth Observation (EO) images to rapidly generate fine-grained measures of habitat patch internal heterogeneities over large spatial extents. We use linear mixed-effects models to test whether these remotely-sensed proxies for habitat quality were influenced by surrounding patch or landscape structure. The results demonstrate the significant influence of surrounding patch and landscape context on local habitat quality. They further indicate that such an influence can be direct, when a landscape variable alone influences the habitat structure variable, and/or indirect when the landscape and patch attributes have a conjoined effect on the response variable. We conclude that a substantial degree of interaction among spatial configuration effects is likely to be the norm in determining the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation, thus corroborating the notion of the spatial context dependence of habitat quality.     

基于GIS的贝叶斯统计推理技术在印度野牛生境概率评价中的应用

目前,ＧＩＳ技术已被广泛应用在野生动物生境研究中。但是,作为空间数据分析和处理工具,ＧＩＳ缺乏进行启发式推理的能力。因此,与擅长于此的贝叶斯统计推理技术相结合则是解决这一问题的重要途径。以西双版纳纳板河流域生物圈保护区为试验区,综合应用ＧＩＳ技术和多元统计技术建立印度野牛生境的两个逻辑斯蒂多元回归模型：趋势表面模型和环境模型,第一个模型的自变量是位置坐标,第二个模型的自变量是一组环境因子,然后应用贝叶斯统计合并这两个模型产生贝叶斯综合模型。结果表明,贝叶斯综合模型优于环境模型,可应用于野生动物生境概率评价。     

基于GIS的贝叶斯统计推理技术在印度野牛生境概率评价中的应用

首先给出ＣＯ２倍增下遥感－光合作物产量的概念模型,之后分析未受ＣＯ２倍增的遥感－光合作物产量估测模型;在考虑ＣＯ２倍增对作物产量的影响后,对影响干物质累积的作物光合速率的模型进行修正,进而修正遥感－光合作物产量估测模型。建立ＣＯ２倍增下作物产量影响模型,求取各参数,并在ＣＯ２倍增下对我国华北地区冬小麦产量影响进行填图,表明模型的估测结果有良好的可比性。     

Home range and habitat: Using platial characteristics to define urban areas from the bottom up

The spatial representation of a city is typically formed by top‐down jurisdictional boundaries. A parallel approach would be to consider representing a city based on platial characteristics, that is, a bottom‐up landscape created through individual and collectively derived representations. This study contributes to this discourse through the exploratory examination of the ecology notions of home range and habitat applied to humans in an urban context. Using spatial data collected through a WebGIS platform, we employ a spatial definition of sense of place and social capital to understand the platial nature of the city and, simultaneously, defining home range and habitat as platial notions. We found spatial variability among individual home range and habitat and the difficulty of traditional administrative boundaries to represent these areas. This research defines and presents home range and habitat to partially describe the emergent nature of platial theory and explores their operationalization at the urban level.     

斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地生境质量时空变化及分异特征

斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地是全球重要的亚洲象保护区,象群分布密度约为其他地区的10倍,但由于生境破碎与丧失以及人象冲突等原因导致亚洲象数量急剧下降。对斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地的生境质量监测与评估能够为亚洲象及其栖息地的保护政策制定与规划提供理论依据,并在全球物种多样性保护中具有重要意义。为评估斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地的生境质量,综合考虑亚洲象栖息地需求以及影响亚洲象栖息地的关键要素,应用InVEST-HQ模型来估算生境质量指数,同时分析亚洲象栖息地生境质量在海拔梯度及植被覆盖梯度上的分布状况;随后引入空间自相关分析方法在像元尺度上探讨亚洲象栖息地生境质量的空间分布模式与时间演化过程,进而分析栖息地内不同保护区和气候分区的生境质量所存在的空间分异特征。研究结果表明：在空间分布上,斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地生境质量具有高度聚集性,空间异常值不显著。生境质量高值区主要集中在中低海拔、植被覆盖情况较好、保护区范围密集的区域;生境质量低值区集中于耕地面积大、海拔偏高的区域。在梯度分布上,斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地生境质量对海拔和植被覆盖度均具有显著线性相关关系,且在较低海拔和较高植被覆盖度梯度上存在聚集现象。在区域尺度上,斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地生境质量存在显著的地域差异性。栖息地内自然保护区的生境质量明显高于非自然保护区,其中严格自然保护区的生境质量相对较高;热带雨林气候带的生境质量高值聚类大于其余气候分区,而热带疏林草原气候带与热带季风气候带生境质量受到季节性降水的影响较大,高值像元占比偏少。在时间尺度上,斯里兰卡亚洲象栖息地的生境质量总体呈现先降低后趋于平缓的态势。1995年—2010年,生境质量高值聚类占比明显减少,低值聚类占比缓慢上升;2010年—2020年生境质量低值占比有小幅度下降,高值聚类逐渐增加,生境质量逐渐稳定并呈缓慢上升的趋势。     

基于3S技术的野生动物生境评价与保护研究——以高黎贡山羚牛为例

在3S技术和数理统计分析技术支持下,应用羚牛行为生态学研究成果,在研究羚牛生境分布与空间格局的基础上,通过空间分析,开展高黎贡山北段羚牛生境适宜性评价与保护研究。研究结果表明:适宜羚牛生存的生境面积有限,并有逐年减少的趋势,为有效保护高黎贡山羚牛,有必要加强羚牛现有生境保护,尤其是最适宜生境的保护;消除羚牛生境阻隔因素,增强生境连通性。     

空间信息处理流程溯源中间件研究

溯源技术已成为记录、追踪和管理空间数据衍生过程的一项基本技术。为了辨识空间数据产品的来源,保证其质量,许多空间信息处理平台都增加了溯源管理模块。针对目前溯源管理模块与空间信息处理平台的耦合性过强导致开发、部署成本过高的现状,该文设计了基于分层二部图溯源模型的空间信息处理流程溯源中间件,介绍其体系结构及实现的关键技术。最后,在江苏省地面沉降系统中验证了空间信息处理流程溯源中间件的可行性。     

Development of a GIS-based Methodology for Quantifying Predation Risk in a Spatial Context

We used GIS‐based techniques and inductive‐spatial modelling to analyse spatial interactions between predator and prey populations, a unique example of an extension to an existing ecological approach. The approach identifies spatial predictors of predation and is demonstrated for braided riverbed habitat in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. This habitat is highly modified and is the focus of intensive management because of the presence of introduced mammalian predators and their native prey (primarily nests of ground‐nesting native birds that are extremely vulnerable to predators). Native prey are currently in decline due to predation; GIS techniques therefore have the potential to augment conventional ecological techniques and management practices. Predation risk to nests of ground‐nesting birds was interpolated across an area using inverse distance weighting. A linear regression model for spatio‐temporal predictors of nest predation was deter‐mined using a predation risk surface and three separate surfaces representing predator abundance, prey abundance, and habitat structure. These measures can enhance the non‐spatial results from conventional ecological inquiry and help solve pest management problems affecting the natural environment.     

Species’ habitat use inferred from environmental variables at multiple scales: How much we gain from high-resolution vegetation data?

Spatial resolution of environmental data may influence the results of habitat selection models. As high-resolution data are usually expensive, an assessment of their contribution to the reliability of habitat models is of interest for both researchers and managers. We evaluated how vegetation cover datasets of different spatial resolutions influence the inferences and predictive power of multi-scale habitat selection models for the endangered brown bear populations in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain). We quantified the relative performance of three types of datasets: (i) coarse resolution data from Corine Land Cover (minimum mapping unit of 25 ha), (ii) medium resolution data from the Forest Map of Spain (minimum mapping unit of 2.25 ha and information on forest canopy cover and tree species present in each polygon), and (iii) high-resolution Lidar data (about 0.5 points/m²) providing a much finer information on forest canopy cover and height. Despite all the models performed well (AUC > 0.80), the predictive ability of multi-scale models significantly increased with spatial resolution, particularly when other predictors of habitat suitability (e.g. human pressure) were not used to indirectly filter out areas with a more degraded vegetation cover. The addition of fine grain information on forest structure (LiDAR) led to a better understanding of landscape use and a more accurate spatial representation of habitat suitability, even for a species with large spatial requirements as the brown bear, which will result in the development of more effective measures to assist endangered species conservation.     

Importance of landscape features and Earth observation derived habitat maps for modelling amphibian distribution in the Alta Murgia National Park

Traditionally, analyses of relationships between amphibians and habitat focused on breeding environments (i.e., pond features) more than on the features of the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, for most amphibians the terrestrial phase is longer than the aquatic phase, and consequently landscape features (i.e., habitat mosaics) may have an important role for modelling amphibian distribution.There were different aims in this analysis. Firstly, we compared the effectiveness of the information provided by land cover/use (LC/LU) classes and habitat classes defined according to a new habitat taxonomy named General Habitat Category (GHC), which is based on the concept of biological forms of dominant vegetation and class naturalness. The GHC map used was obtained from a pre-existing validated LC/LU map, by integrating spectral and spatial measurements from very high resolution Earth observation data according to ecological expert rules involving concepts related to spatial and temporal relationships among LC/LU and habitat classes.Then, we investigated the importance for amphibians of the landscape surrounding ponds within the Italian Alta Murgia National Park. The work assessed whether LC/LU classes in pond surrounds are important for the presence/absence of amphibians in this area, and identified which classes are more important for amphibians. The results obtained can provide useful indications to management strategies aiming at the conservation of amphibians within the study area. An information-theoretic approach was adopted to assess whether GHC maps allow to improve the performance of species distribution models. We used the Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) to compare the effectiveness of GHC categories versus LC/LU categories in explaining the presence/absence of pool frogs. AICc weights suggest that GHC categories can better explain the distribution of frogs, compared to LC/LU classes.