沙尘对兰州市大气环境质量的影响

利用1951-2010年甘肃省气象局地面观测站沙尘气象资料和2006-2010年兰州环保局PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂质量浓度资料,分析了兰州市沙尘天气时间变化特征及其对SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀等大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:近60年来兰州市沙尘天气总体上呈现振荡性减少的趋势,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘年变化倾向率分别为-0.15 d、-0.72 d和-0.97 d,这与上游沙尘源区沙尘天气振荡性减少有关。沙尘对兰州地区SO₂和NO₂质量浓度影响不大,对PM_2.5质量浓度和PM_1.0数浓度的变化有一定的贡献,但对PM₁₀质量浓度影响非常大,沙尘对春季PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献率在18.4%～43.1%。对2007年5月10日一次强沙尘天气过程研究发现,随着沙尘天气的侵入,兰州市不同粒径气溶胶的浓度陡然上升,然后达到较高的浓度水平,之后由于沙尘天气的减弱、消退或离境,不同粒径气溶胶浓度也逐渐降低并缓慢恢复到正常水平。     

乌鲁木齐市近几年大气颗粒物中重金属的浓度特征

采用重量法对2014年、2015年、2017年采暖期乌鲁木齐市新疆农业大学大气颗粒物TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5进行采集，使用TAS-990型火焰原子吸收分光光度计、PF3型原子荧光光谱仪、石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定颗粒物中5种重金属元素的质量浓度，利用富集因子法分析重金属元素的富集程度及来源。结果表明：该采样点采暖期大气颗粒物TSP、PM₁₀的质量浓度在近几年均呈现出下降趋势，PM_2.5的质量浓度变化趋势为：2017年＞2015年＞2014年；重金属元素As的质量浓度在不同粒径大气颗粒物中均为最高值，且采暖期大气颗粒物中除Cr以外的重金属含量、重金属元素的富集程度近几年均呈现明显的下降趋势；重金属As、Cr、Zn、Hg元素更易富集于细颗粒物中。     

2018年春季中国北方大范围沙尘天气对城市空气质量的影响及其天气学分析

利用多源卫星数据、空气质量数据和再分析资料ERA-Interim分析了2018年春季中国北方一次沙尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的光学特性及垂直结构、沙尘天气对颗粒物浓度及空气质量的影响及其机制。结果表明：（1）2018年3月27-30日中国北方地区气溶胶光学厚度、吸收性气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶指数分别大于0.4、0.035和1.0。沙尘气溶胶主要分布在地面至8 km的范围内，且体积退偏比大部分在0.06~0.4，色比0.6~1.2。（2）各城市颗粒物浓度在一定程度上均受到沙尘天气的影响。3月27-28日，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的平均值分别是国家一级标准的4.1倍和4.3倍。29-30日，PM_2.5和PM₁₀的平均值分别是国家一级标准的3.5倍和3.4倍。28日河北张家口PM₁₀/PM_2.5达4 d之最，最大比值为10.9。（3）低层贝加尔湖高压南压对内蒙古西南部及河西走廊地区的起沙有重要影响，河套地区地面气旋和低层切变是造成华北西部起沙的关键因素，鄂海地区高压脊和东北地区地面的低压系统有利于东北地区的起沙。     

卫星数据和地面观测结合的珠三角地区颗粒物质量浓度统计估算方法

利用卫星观测的气溶胶光学厚度资料和模式模拟数据,与地面颗粒物观测资料结合,探讨近地面颗粒物质量浓度的估算方法。具体包括：利用区域气侯模式RAMS（Regional Atmospheric Modeling System）模拟的边界层高度对气溶胶光学厚度进行垂直订正,获得近地面颗粒物消光系数;利用模式模拟的相对湿度和颗粒物吸湿增长经验模型对消光系数进行湿度订正,获得近地面颗粒物干消光系数;并基于干消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度地面站点资料建立的统计关系估算获得每个像元的颗粒物质量浓度。利用地面站点观测的颗粒物浓度资料验证表明,基于卫星资料可以获得近地面颗粒物质量浓度,而且细颗粒物质量浓度具有更好的估算精度。     

喀什地区PM10输送路径及潜在源区

基于HYSPLIT模型和2019年9月至2020年8月喀什地区大气颗粒物逐时数据,利用聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹法（CWT）分析喀什地区四季PM₁₀传输路径与潜在源区,揭示研究期间喀什地区不同季节PM₁₀的潜在源分布及其贡献水平。结果表明：喀什地区PM₁₀、PM_2.5年均值分别为237.3±268.3、89.3±82.3 μg·m^-3,大气颗粒物以PM₁₀为主;喀什地区气流输送路径主要来自中亚西风气流,其次是来自中国新疆南部;PM₁₀秋季主要贡献源区分布在中亚部分地区以及中国新疆南部区域,贡献水平为250—450 μg·m^-3;冬季主要贡献源区与秋季相似,贡献水平为150—300 μg·m^-3;春季重点贡献源区主要分布在新疆南部塔克拉玛干沙漠区域,贡献水平为250—500 μg·m^-3;夏季主要贡献源区与春季相似,贡献水平为150—250 μg·m^-3。喀什地区重点防范应是塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘气溶胶的影响,其次是中亚西风气流携带的大气颗粒物远距离输送。     

沙尘天气对榆林市环境空气质量的影响

基于2013—2018年榆林市沙尘天气和环境空气质量逐日数据,定量分析了沙尘天气对榆林市空气质量指数（AQI）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的绝对贡献和相对贡献率。结果表明：沙尘天气对榆林市AQI的贡献率为0.7%—11.1%（平均值±标准差6.4%±3.8%）;对PM₁₀的绝对贡献为1.0—13.1 μg·m^-3（平均8.2±5.4 μg·m^-3）,相对贡献率5.4%±3.5%;对PM_2.5的绝对贡献为-0.4—3.5 μg·m^-3,沙尘天气对PM_2.5的影响小于对PM₁₀。沙尘天气对榆林市空气质量的影响季节差异很大,春季贡献最大,秋冬季贡献较小。沙尘天气对榆林市区和郊区的影响程度不同,这可能与局部气象条件和地形条件等因素有关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地黑碳气溶胶浓度

利用2006年3月-2007年2月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站黑碳测量仪的观测数据,结合同期PM₁₀、能见度及常规气象观测资料,分析了沙漠地区大气中黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：观测期间黑碳浓度小时平均值为1.81±1.58 μg·m^-3,日平均浓度为1.72±0.85 μg·m^-3,区域本底值为0.78 μg·m^-3;日变化呈单峰,与其他地区的双峰、三峰型不同;季节变化特征明显,春、冬季黑碳浓度较高,秋季较低,春季大量沙尘增加了气溶胶的吸收特性,黑碳测量仪观测的黑碳浓度要高于近地面大气中实际的黑碳浓度;黑碳浓度小时平均值与风速呈显著非线性相关,不同风向下黑碳浓度水平有较明显的差异,该地区黑碳浓度的变化与盛行风向上来自污染较严重地区的气团输送有关,并且受局地沙尘和排放源的影响。     

乌鲁木齐地区雪和雨对气溶胶湿清除能力的比较研究

根据2002年乌鲁木齐地区逐日逐时SO₂、NO₂和PM₁₀粒子浓度监测资料,针对冬季固态降水、夏季液态降水对三种气溶胶颗粒物的湿清除能力进行了统计分析。粗略得出乌鲁木齐地区冬季微量降水日,气溶胶颗粒物浓度呈现增加趋势;而夏季微量降雨能够减小气溶胶颗粒物浓度。超过微量降水量的日子里,在冬季三种颗粒物的浓度明显高于夏季的情形下,每1 mm降雪量对气溶胶的清除率大于夏季每1 mm雨的清除能力。同时拟合结果表明降水日气溶胶浓度的改变量与其前一日气溶胶浓度值存在较好的相关特性。     

乌鲁木齐霾天气PM10单颗粒物理化学特征

为了解乌鲁木齐冬季污染天气形成过程中大气颗粒物化学组分的变化,探讨霾天气快速形成的主要原因,应用扫描电镜/X射线能谱仪(SEM/EDX)对2013年2月乌鲁木齐东南郊一次典型霾天和正常天气所采集的大气颗粒物(PM₁₀)样品进行了微观形貌和化学组成的对比分析。结果表明:伴随着霾形成过程细粒子浓度呈现急剧上升趋势,PM_1.0/PM₁₀比值高达0.77。SEM/EDX观测显示,霾天形成前后,PM₁₀的形态结构和元素组成存在较明显的差异,霾天规则的石膏颗粒占规则颗粒的71.1%,明显高于正常天气,表明大气颗粒物的硫化现象比较普遍,大量硅铝酸盐飞灰说明采样点周边有较明显的燃煤源输送;二次无机颗粒组成主要为硫酸盐颗粒,由正常天气的16.1%增加到24.6%,高浓度硫酸盐与乌鲁木齐东南郊此次霾形成有密切的联系。     

基于风廓线雷达的北京春季一次“先霾后沙”空气污染过程分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、逐小时污染物浓度数据、风廓线雷达及地面常规观测资料，对北京2018年3月26—29日一次“先霾后沙”的空气污染过程进行了分析。结果表明：霾污染期间PM_2.5峰值浓度为242 μg·m^-3，PM_2.5/PM₁₀值为0.86。受蒙古气旋影响，PM₁₀浓度出现爆发性增长，增长速率达到912 μg·m^-3·h^-1，PM_2.5/PM₁₀值下降至0.11。霾主要影响时段边界层内以西南风为主，平均通风量为15 907 m²·s^-1，大气边界层以稳定的弱上升或下沉运动为主；而沙尘影响时段平均通风量为9 226 m²·s^-1，沙尘天气爆发前边界层明显的下沉运动先于地面污染物浓度的变化。基于后向轨迹模式和潜在源贡献分析方法PSCF计算结果，霾影响时段河北中南部、山西中部等地对北京PM_2.5贡献较多；而沙尘影响时段，北京地区的PM₁₀主要来源于内蒙古中部和辽宁西部。     

Analysis on the temporal-spatial distribution character and effect factors of PM10 in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert and surrounding area

In recent years, the physical and chemical properties of dust aerosols from the dust source area in northern China have attracted increased attention. In this paper, Thermo RP 1400a was used for online continuous observation and study of the hinterland of Taklimakan, Tazhong, and surrounding areas of Kumul and Hotan from 2004 to 2006. In combination with weather analysis during a sandstorm in the Tazhong area, basic characteristics and influencing factors of dust aerosol PM₁₀ have been summarized as below: (1) The occurrence days of floating dust and blowing dust appeared with an increasing trend in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan, while the number of dust storm days did not significantly change. The frequency and intensity of dust weather were major factors affecting the concentration of dust aerosol PM₁₀ in the desert. (2) The mass concentration of PM₁₀ had significant regional distribution characteristics, and the mass concentration at the eastern edge of Taklimakan, Kumul, was the lowest; second was the southern edge of the desert, Hotan; and the highest was in the hinterland of the desert, Tazhong. (3) High values of PM₁₀ mass concentration in Kumul was from March to September each year; high values of PM₁₀ mass concentration in Tazhong and Hotan were distributed from March to August and the average concentration changed from 500 to 1,000 g/m³, respectively. (4) The average seasonal concentration changes of PM₁₀ in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan were: spring > summer > autumn > winter; the highest average concentration of PM₁₀ in Tazhong, was about 1,000 g/m³ in spring and between 400 and 900 g/m³ in summer, and the average concentration was lower in autumn and winter, basically between 200 and 400 g/m³. (5) PM₁₀ concentration during the sandstorm season was just over two times the concentration of the non-sandstorm season in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan. The average concentrations of sandstorm season in Tazhong were 6.2 and 3.6 times the average concentrations of non-sandstorm season in 2004 and 2008, respectively. (6) The mass concentration of PM₁₀ had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm. The wind speed directly affects the concentration of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere, the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration. Temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of PM₁₀ in the atmosphere.     

Investigation of Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol in Ulaanbaatar During 2005–2014

Results from investigating atmospheric aerosols in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) 2005–2014 are presented. It is found that the largest sources of suspended particles are represented by fuel combustion and the concomitant exhaust gases, thermal power generation, industrial facilities and mineral dust transport; the main components of aerosol particles are SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , Cl^–, NH ₄ ⁺ , Ca²⁺ and Na⁺. It is determined that in the wintertime, as a result of an increase in fuel consumption, calm weather and orographic characteristics of topography which contribute to accumulation of contaminants in the urban atmosphere, the average sum of ions increases to 43.9–114.6 μg/m³ against 7.44–18.48 μg/m³ during a warm season. Interannual differences in aerosol composition were noted; the total ion content averaged 43.9 μg/m³ during December 2011, 114.6 μg /m³ during December 2012, 68.7 μg/m³ during December 2013, and 64.7 μg/m³ during December 2014. It was found that the concentration of the sum of ions in the aerosol during the winter period is by a factor of 6 higher than during the summer. The highest exceedance of the concentrations was observed for the alkaline earth ions Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (by a factor of more than 20) forming part of the ash components. There is a difference in the chemical composition of the aerosol sampled in the center of the city and on its outskirts. It is established that the aerosol composition and concentration in Ulaanbaatar during the winter period are comparable the aerosol composition in the industrial cities of China.     

The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz,Iran, from april through september 2010

In this study, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ concentrations were measured from April through September 2010. These measurements were made every six days and on days with dust events using a Grimm Model 1.177 aerosol spectrometer. Meteorological data were also collected. Overall mean values of 319.6 ± 407.07, 69.5 ± 83.2, and 37.02 ± 34.9 μg/m³ were obtained for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁, respectively, with corresponding maximum values of 5337.6, 910.9, and 495 μg/m³. The presence of the westerly prevailing wind implied that Iraq is the major source of dust events in this area. A total of 72 dust days and 711 dust hours occurred in the study area. The dust events occurred primarily during July. The longest dust event during the study period occurred in July, lasted five days, and had a peak concentration of 2028 μg/m³. These high concentrations produced AQI values of up to 500. A total estimated mortality and morbidity of 1131 and 8157 cases, respectively, can be attributed to these concentrations. The results of this study indicated the importance of dust events in Ahvaz and their possible health impacts. The study also demonstrated the need to design and implement intergovernmental management schemes to effectively mitigate such events.     

Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM2.5 in China between 2000 and 2015

High concentrations of PM_2.5 are universally considered as a main cause for haze formation. Therefore, it is important to identify the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of PM_2.5 concentrations for regional air quality control and management. In this study, PM_2.5 data from 2000 to 2015 was determined from an inversion of NASA atmospheric remote sensing images. Using geo-statistics, geographic detectors, and geo-spatial analysis methods, the spatio-temporal evolution patterns and driving factors of PM_2.5 concentration in China were evaluated. The main results are as follows. (1) In general, the average concentration of PM_2.5 in China increased quickly and reached its peak value in 2006; subsequently, concentrations remained between 21.84 and 35.08 μg/m³. (2) PM_2.5 is strikingly heterogeneous in China, with higher concentrations in the north and east than in the south and west. In particular, areas with relatively high PM_2.5 concentrations are primarily in four regions, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Lower Yangtze River Delta Plain, Sichuan Basin, and Taklimakan Desert. Among them, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has the highest concentration of PM_2.5. (3) The center of gravity of PM_2.5 has generally moved northeastward, which indicates an increasingly serious haze in eastern China. High-value PM_2.5 concentrations have moved eastward, while low-value PM_2.5 has moved westward. (4) Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates a significantly positive spatial correlation. The “High-High” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas are distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Fenhe-Weihe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, and Jianghan Plain regions. The “Low-Low” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas include Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, north of the Great Wall, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Taiwan, Hainan, and Fujian and other southeast coastal cities and islands. (5) Geographic detection analysis indicates that both natural and anthropogenic factors account for spatial variations in PM_2.5 concentration. Geographical location, population density, automobile quantity, industrial discharge, and straw burning are the main driving forces of PM_2.5 concentration in China.

     

土壤氮、盐浓度对盐角草(Salicornia europaea)生长发育及氮素吸收的影响

以盐生植物盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为材料,以NaCl模拟不同盐度环境,盆栽试验了氮(0.3g·kg-1,N1;0.6g·kg-1,N2;1.2g·kg-1,N3;2.4g·kg-1,N4)、盐(2.5g·kg-1,S1;5.0g·kg-1,S2;7.5g·kg-1,S3)处理对其生长发育及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:(1)不同盐度下施氮均可以显著促进盐角草的生长,地上部干质量均在N2处理下达到最大,而株高均在N1时达到最高,且施氮对盐角草生长的影响与盐度有关;(2)不同盐度环境下施氮所能达到的最高干物质产量及最高施氮限量不同,表现为S3S1S2,随着施氮量的增加,氮素生产力与氮素农学利用效率均表现出下降的趋势;(3)施氮显著增加了盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量,同一施氮水平下盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量均表现为同化枝茎根;(4)同一施氮水平下,随着盐度的增加,盐角草同化枝渗透势显著下降,同一盐度环境下,随着施氮量的增加,同化枝渗透势呈现出下降趋势,渗透调节能力增大;(5)3个盐度环境下,施氮均增加盐角草同化枝光合色素含量,从而提高光合效率,增强其对盐渍环境的适应能力。     

Spatio-temporal modeling of PM2.5 concentrations with missing data problem: a case study in Beijing,China

ABSTRACT

One of the major challenges in conducting epidemiological studies of air pollution and health is the difficulty of estimating the degree of exposure accurately. Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations vary in space and time, which are difficult to estimate in rural, suburban and smaller urban areas due to the sparsity of the ground monitoring network. Satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been increasingly used as a proxy of ground PM_2.5 observations, although it suffers from non-trivial missing data problems. To address these issues, we developed a multi-stage statistical model in which daily PM_2.5 concentrations can be obtained with complete spatial coverage. The model consists of three stages – an inverse probability weighting scheme to correct non-random missing patterns of AOD values, a spatio-temporal linear mixed effect model to account for the spatially and temporally varying PM_2.5-AOD relationships, and a gap-filling model based on the integrated nested Laplace approximation-stochastic partial differential equations (INLA-SPDE). Good model performance was achieved from out-of-sample validation as shown in R² of 0.93 and root mean square error of 9.64 μg/m³. The results indicated that the multi-stage PM_2.5 prediction model proposed in the present study yielded highly accurate predictions, while gaining computational efficiency from the INLA-SPDE.     

半干旱区冬春季黑碳气溶胶吸收特性的观测研究

利用2006年4月和12月锡林浩特观象台黑碳灰度仪的观测资料,分析了半干旱地区黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征,讨论了引起这些变化特征的影响因子。结果表明,黑碳气溶胶浓度冬季远大于春季,日变化呈明显的双峰型;讨论了风速对黑碳气溶胶浓度不同影响的范围,可知风速在较小的情况下（小于3.5 m·s-1）,黑碳气溶胶浓度值随风速的增大而减小;在3.5~4.5 m·s-1之间,风速增大,黑碳气溶胶浓度值也增大;风速较大（大于4.5 m·s-1）后,黑碳气溶胶浓度与风速之间没有明显的相关性。冬季12月由于黑碳气溶胶吸收作用造成的消光占总气溶胶消光的25%。     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)异地保护条件下的气候生物学特征与光合效率

为了廓清异地保护条件下孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的气候生物学特征、光合生理生态适应性及生境适宜性,应用1971—2011年的地面气象资料进行了不同试验区的气候生物图解与分析,测定了四合木及其伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的叶片气体交换参数及光合效率。结果表明:①四合木自然分布区(内蒙古乌海地区)与异地保护区的气候生物学特征存在明显分异;②当年种植的四合木实生苗的生长量大小依次为:乌海四合木核心区实生苗鄂尔多斯实生苗阿拉善实生苗;③自然条件下,5个处理的净光合速率(Pn)依次为阿拉善移植的四合木成株(24.05±1.68μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海客土栽培的四合木(19.97±1.05μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海栽培的四合木实生苗(18.96±1.04μmol·m-2·s-1)鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗(16.64±0.92μmol·m-2·s-1)阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗(16.48±0.13μmol·m-2·s-1);异地保护试验区栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn没有明显差异(p≥0.05),即原生境条件下栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn较高。同时,异地保护栽培四合木实生苗中,鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。从四合木光合作用特征中的Pn、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度、气候生物学特征和生长量等综合研究结果可以推断,从原生境区东移的实生苗迁地保护,使四合木具有更高的生理生态适宜性和环境适应性。     

Estimate the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo

Estimation of the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo is essential in obtaining the accurate albedo. In this paper, field measurement data, including snow grain size, snow depth and...