塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地及周边地区PM10时空变化特征及影响因素分析

利用Thermo RP 1400a对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中及周边的哈密与和田进行了长达6 a多的沙尘气溶胶PM10连续观测,结合气象资料,分析了该区域沙尘气溶胶PM10的基本特征及影响因素。其结果是:①在哈密、塔中与和田,浮尘、扬沙日数呈上升趋势,沙尘暴日数变化不明显,沙尘天气出现的频率和强度是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶PM10浓度的主要因素。②PM10质量浓度具有明显的区域分布特征,塔克拉玛干沙漠东缘的哈密最低,其次为沙漠南缘的和田,最高的为沙漠腹地的塔中。③每年3—9月是哈密PM10质量浓度的高值时段;塔中与和田PM10质量浓度高值时段分布在3—8月,平均浓度分别在500~1 000 μg·m-3之间变化。④哈密、塔中与和田PM10季节平均浓度变化特征,春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;PM10平均浓度最高的塔中,春季在1 000 μg·m-3左右变化,夏季在400~900 μg·m-3之间,秋冬两季浓度较低基本上在200~400 μg·m-3之间变化。⑤哈密、塔中与和田沙尘暴季节PM10浓度远高于非沙尘暴季节,沙尘暴季节浓度基本上为非沙尘暴季节浓度的两倍以上;塔中2004年和2008年沙尘暴季节平均浓度分别是非沙尘暴季节的6.2倍和3.6倍。⑥沙尘天气过程中PM10质量浓度变化具有以下规律,晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。⑦风速大小直接影响大气中PM10浓度,风速越大浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中PM10浓度的变化。     

塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及影响因素分析

利用2004—2008年沙尘暴观测站网哈密、塔中与和田的TSP观测资料,同时结合铁干里克、民丰和喀什2007年4月开始的TSP、沙尘天气等相关资料,给出了塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及变化特征,同时分析了影响TSP质量浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①塔里木盆地东部TSP质量浓度最低,南缘最高,往盆地的西缘逐渐降低,塔中一直处于较高值。影响TSP质量浓度高低分布的主要因素是沙尘天气,沙尘天气日数越多,则浓度越高。②2004—2008年TSP年平均质量浓度哈密最低,其次为塔中,最高为和田。③2004—2007年哈密、塔中与和田TSP平均质量浓度春季最高,其次是夏季和秋季,冬季最低。④哈密、塔中与和田2005—2008年TSP质量浓度每年不同时间段各不相同。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直分布特征

 利用Grimm 1.108、Thermo RP 1 400 a以及TSP等仪器于2009年1月至2010年2月对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中不同高度沙尘气溶胶质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料进行分析。结果表明:①80 m高度PM10质量浓度最高,80 m高度PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度明显低于4 m高度PM10,80 m高度PM1.0质量浓度最低。频繁的沙尘天气是影响不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶浓度含量的主要因素。②夜间至日出,PM质量浓度逐渐降低,最低基本上出现在08:00,随后质量浓度逐渐增大,18:00前后浓度达到最高值,然后又逐步降低。其规律与风速的昼夜变化完全一致。③TSP月平均质量浓度高值主要集中在3—9月,其中4月和5月浓度最高,随后逐渐减低。3—9月也是PM月平均质量浓度的高值区域,4 m高度PM10月平均质量浓度最高发生在5月,其浓度为846.0 μg·m-3。80 m高度PM10浓度远高于PM2.5和PM1.0浓度,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度相差较小。风沙天气对大气中的不同粒径粒子的浓度含量影响较大,风沙天气越多,粗颗粒含量越高,反之则细颗粒越多。④沙尘天气过程中不同粒径沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化具有晴天<浮尘天气<扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气的规律。各种沙尘天气中,PM10/TSP表现为晴好天气高于浮尘天气,浮尘天气远高于扬沙和沙尘暴天气。⑤沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶浓度随着粒径的减小,浓度逐渐降低。不同高度、不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶质量浓度每隔3~4 d形成一个峰值区,与每隔3~4 d出现沙尘天气强度增强过程直接相关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地黑碳气溶胶浓度

利用2006年3月-2007年2月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站黑碳测量仪的观测数据,结合同期PM₁₀、能见度及常规气象观测资料,分析了沙漠地区大气中黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：观测期间黑碳浓度小时平均值为1.81±1.58 μg·m^-3,日平均浓度为1.72±0.85 μg·m^-3,区域本底值为0.78 μg·m^-3;日变化呈单峰,与其他地区的双峰、三峰型不同;季节变化特征明显,春、冬季黑碳浓度较高,秋季较低,春季大量沙尘增加了气溶胶的吸收特性,黑碳测量仪观测的黑碳浓度要高于近地面大气中实际的黑碳浓度;黑碳浓度小时平均值与风速呈显著非线性相关,不同风向下黑碳浓度水平有较明显的差异,该地区黑碳浓度的变化与盛行风向上来自污染较严重地区的气团输送有关,并且受局地沙尘和排放源的影响。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同下垫面太阳总辐射比较

本文运用统计学方法,分析并比较了塔克拉玛干沙漠绿洲-沙漠过渡带（肖塘、哈德）与沙漠腹地（塔中）总辐射的气候学特征。结果表明：沙漠腹地（塔中）总辐射年总量高于绿洲-沙漠过渡带（肖塘、哈德）,塔中、肖塘和哈德年总量分别为6 515.0 MJ·m^-2、5 666.4 MJ·m^-2和5 774.5 MJ·m^-2。春、夏、秋、冬四季变化幅度,塔中高于肖塘和哈德,肖塘与哈德相近;3个观测点均为夏季最大、冬季最小、春季高于秋季。塔中月总量最大值出现时间（6月）早于肖塘和哈德（7月）,最小值均在12月;塔中月总量最大值比肖塘和哈德分别高99.4 MJ·m^-2和81.9 MJ·m^-2。平均日变化表现为早晚小、正午12：00最大。沙尘暴天气下总辐射被明显削弱,日变化波动大。肖塘、哈德和塔中沙尘暴日的峰值分别减少40.3%、56.2%和53.0%;日总量分别减少41.6%、57.8%和61.2%。沙尘暴日的后续天气仍受到沙尘的明显影响,只有当整个沙尘天气过程结束其日变化曲线才恢复。沙尘天气日,小时平均值>500 W·m^-2的总辐射明显被削弱,主要向低值区集中,分布在高值区的概率减少。总辐射与太阳高度角的变化一致,相同太阳高度角下晴天总辐射高于沙尘天。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。     

The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz,Iran, from april through september 2010

In this study, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ concentrations were measured from April through September 2010. These measurements were made every six days and on days with dust events using a Grimm Model 1.177 aerosol spectrometer. Meteorological data were also collected. Overall mean values of 319.6 ± 407.07, 69.5 ± 83.2, and 37.02 ± 34.9 μg/m³ were obtained for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁, respectively, with corresponding maximum values of 5337.6, 910.9, and 495 μg/m³. The presence of the westerly prevailing wind implied that Iraq is the major source of dust events in this area. A total of 72 dust days and 711 dust hours occurred in the study area. The dust events occurred primarily during July. The longest dust event during the study period occurred in July, lasted five days, and had a peak concentration of 2028 μg/m³. These high concentrations produced AQI values of up to 500. A total estimated mortality and morbidity of 1131 and 8157 cases, respectively, can be attributed to these concentrations. The results of this study indicated the importance of dust events in Ahvaz and their possible health impacts. The study also demonstrated the need to design and implement intergovernmental management schemes to effectively mitigate such events.     

陕西省榆林市秋冬季黑碳观测研究

利用2011年秋冬季榆林大气成分站黑碳浓度、颗粒物质量浓度、大气能见度、地面气象资料,计算边界层高度、气溶胶吸收系数、大气消光系数,导出单次散射反照率,并对其进行分析讨论。结果表明：（1） 榆林秋冬季平均黑碳浓度为2.6 μg·m^-3。（2）黑碳占颗粒物质量浓度PM_1.0比值为10.6%,黑碳与颗粒物质量浓度PM_1.0、PM_2.5、PM₁₀相关系数分别为0.91、0.91、0.72。（3）黑碳浓度受边界层高度影响,沙漠风场对黑碳的堆积输送起主导作用。（4） 榆林地区气溶胶吸收系数与大气消光系数比值为16.8%。（5）单次散射反照率平均值为0.72。     

The PM10and PM2·5 dust generation potential of soils/sediments in the Southern Aral Sea Basin, Uzbekistan

The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of the major soil/sediment surfaces in the Southern Aral Sea Basin to the dust generation potential of this region. Eight crusts and soils/sediments from seven sites, representative of these surfaces, were sampled in the field and their major characteristics (particle size distribution, organic carbon content, carbonate content, salt content and composition) that are related to dust generation, were determined. The PM₁₀ and PM_2·5 dust generation potential of the materials was determined in the laboratory using the Lubbock Dust Generation, Analysis and Sampling System (LDGASS). The highest amount of PM₁₀ dust (579·3 mg.m⁻³) was generated from the Takyr crust material. The lowest by one Solonchak salt crust material (39·6 mg.m⁻³). Salt crusts from the desiccated Aral Sea bottom generated intermediate amounts of dust.The experimental results indicate that the Takyrs and Takyr-like soils, that occupy over 1 million ha in the Southern Aral Sea Basin, constitute the surfaces with the highest potential for being the source for the severe dust storms of the area. Second to the Takyr soils, the Solonchaks and Solonchak-like soils, also with an extent of over 1 million ha, contribute highly saline dust. To these must be added a large, as yet uncharted, proportion of the approximately 4 million ha of exposed sea bed, that exhibit Solonchak-like characteristics.     

Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM2.5 in China between 2000 and 2015

High concentrations of PM_2.5 are universally considered as a main cause for haze formation. Therefore, it is important to identify the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of PM_2.5 concentrations for regional air quality control and management. In this study, PM_2.5 data from 2000 to 2015 was determined from an inversion of NASA atmospheric remote sensing images. Using geo-statistics, geographic detectors, and geo-spatial analysis methods, the spatio-temporal evolution patterns and driving factors of PM_2.5 concentration in China were evaluated. The main results are as follows. (1) In general, the average concentration of PM_2.5 in China increased quickly and reached its peak value in 2006; subsequently, concentrations remained between 21.84 and 35.08 μg/m³. (2) PM_2.5 is strikingly heterogeneous in China, with higher concentrations in the north and east than in the south and west. In particular, areas with relatively high PM_2.5 concentrations are primarily in four regions, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Lower Yangtze River Delta Plain, Sichuan Basin, and Taklimakan Desert. Among them, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has the highest concentration of PM_2.5. (3) The center of gravity of PM_2.5 has generally moved northeastward, which indicates an increasingly serious haze in eastern China. High-value PM_2.5 concentrations have moved eastward, while low-value PM_2.5 has moved westward. (4) Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicates a significantly positive spatial correlation. The “High-High” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas are distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Fenhe-Weihe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, and Jianghan Plain regions. The “Low-Low” PM_2.5 agglomeration areas include Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, north of the Great Wall, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Taiwan, Hainan, and Fujian and other southeast coastal cities and islands. (5) Geographic detection analysis indicates that both natural and anthropogenic factors account for spatial variations in PM_2.5 concentration. Geographical location, population density, automobile quantity, industrial discharge, and straw burning are the main driving forces of PM_2.5 concentration in China.

     

Measurement of PM2.5 emission potential from soil using the UC Davis resuspension test chamber

Human health effects have been linked to airborne concentrations of fine particulate matter. One source of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere is resuspended soil dust from a variety of activities, including agricultural operations. We have established a method to measure the potential of soil to emit fugitive dust in the PM₁₀ or PM_2.5 size range. The method is repeatable, and provides an index of PM₁₀ or PM_2.5 dust that is highly correlated to the soil texture. The ratio of the PM_2.5 Index to the PM₁₀ Index produced by this method is similar to field observations of ambient PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations downwind of agricultural operations in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The PM_2.5 or PM₁₀ Index will be a more useful parameter to estimate the potential of a soil to emit fugitive dust than the currently used dry silt content of soil. Research is currently underway to relate the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 Index to measured emission factors, accounting for soil moisture and type of agricultural operation, so that a more reliable predictive equation can be developed for agricultural practices.     

Dust storms evolution in Taklimakan Desert and its correlation with climatic parameters

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 (p<0.01), respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms (p<0.01), and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year’s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of –0.433 (p<0.01), which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

我国北方沙尘天气的气候成因分析

本研究的范围在30°N以北地区,站点340个.通过采用区域平均及相关分析的方法,将中国北方沙尘(扬沙+沙尘暴)事件的年、季特征及其关系较为密切的地面气象要素包括降水、温度、风(风速、大风日数、风速≥5 m/s的日数)、湿度、蒸发量作了详细、综合的相关、对比分析.结果表明:春季多降水对沙尘天气的发生可以起到明显的抑制作用...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程大气颗粒物浓度及影响因素分析

利用Grimm1.108、Thermo RP 1400a、TSP以及CAWS-600等仪器,对2008年4月17日至23日发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的1次强沙尘暴过程的颗粒物质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料分析得出:①Grimm1.108颗粒物分析仪监测结果表明,日平均浓度出现两个峰值区,主峰值出现在20日,次峰值出现在18日,而小时平均浓度高值区主要集中4月19日至20日,21日中午存在1个峰值区,其他时段浓度相对较低。②强沙尘暴发生时的分钟观测数据表明,随着风速的逐渐增强,沙尘暴强度逐渐增强,不同粒径颗粒物浓度达到最大值,>0.23 μm颗粒物总浓度为39 496.5 μg·m-3,>20.0 μm颗粒物总浓度为5 390.7 μg·m-3,随后浓度逐渐下降。③PM10和TSP的浓度变化同样反映沙尘天气的过程和强度,沙尘暴前期大气中颗粒物浓度远低于强沙尘暴期间,随沙尘天气减弱,颗粒物浓度明显下降。④沙尘天气过程中大气颗粒物浓度变化具有以下规律：晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。风速大小直接影响大气中颗粒物浓度,风速越大颗粒物浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中颗粒物浓度的变化。     

The spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of inorganic ion concentrations of TSP in the Tarim Basin

Based on Total Suspended Particulates （TSP） observations of Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng in 2009, combined wa- ter-soluble inorganic ion analyses, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of TSP in the Tarim Basin and analyzed concentration characteristics. The results are as follows： （1） monthly average TSP concentrations shows a similar trend in Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng with peak values in April-May and low values in November-December. As for the quarter average mass concentration trends, spring has the highest value, followed by summer and autumn, and winter is the lowest; （2） total annual concentration trend of water-soluble inorganic ions in TSP is as follows： Tazhong 〉 Tikanli 〉 Minfeng 〉 Kashi. SO4^2- concentra- tions are 58%, 50%, 54% and 51% of total ion concentration; Ca^2＋ concentrations are 13%, 16%, 16% and 11%; Na^＋ concentra- tions are 12%, 13%, 10% and 12% and Cl^- concentrations are 12%, 16%, 11% and 22%, respectively. Therefore, sulfate, calcium, sodium and chloride ions are the main inorganic components of TSP in the Tarim Basin; （3） the correlation coefficients of anions and cations in Tikanli, Minfeng, Kashi and Tazhong are 0.99, 0.99, 0.25 and 0.91, respectively; the average anion concentrations are 2.57, 2.12, 2.15 and 3.02 times the average cation concentrations, indicating that ions were unbalanced; （4） SO4^2-/NO3^- ratio is much larger than the ratio of coal-fired emissions SO4^2-/NO3^-, thus the impact of fixed emission sources in the four regions on the atmosphere is far greater than that of mobile emission sources.     

能见度与空气质量的关系研究

利用2004年1月～5月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站的PM10和能见度仪自动监测资料,分析了PM10的浓度与能见度的关系,得出它们之间符合幂函数规律,并研究了沙尘暴发生时PM10的浓度分布特征,对不同能见度条件下的PM10的频率分别用正态、Weibull、Pearson Ⅲ型分布进行拟合,经比较发现Pearson Ⅲ型分布能够比较好的拟合PM10的实测频率分布。从方差分布的角度,定义置信区间并反推其出现的概率,得出弱、中、强沙尘暴的出现频率分别为60%、25%和15%,从而给出强、中、弱沙尘暴等级的PM10浓度界限标准。     

沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的试验观测研究

中国北方沙尘气溶胶的理化特征及其气候效应受到了广泛关注,但现有的研究大都是基于较短时段和典型事件的试验观测。本项研究利用大流量采样器和安德森采样器,对沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度特征进行了长达3a的监测,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并与背景气象资料和降尘观测结果进行了对比分析;针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件(背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴)下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径分布特征也明显不同;两种采样器观测结果的对比分析也表明,局地沙尘释放是沙坡头地区大气气溶胶的主要来源,但在沙尘暴过程中,远源沙尘输送的贡献也不容忽略。     

一次沙尘过程对天津气溶胶浓度分布的影响

利用气溶胶质量浓度和数浓度监测资料以及不同高度的常规气象资料,结合后向轨迹模式,分析2011年4月30日至5月1日一次沙尘天气过程对天津城区气溶胶浓度的影响。结果表明：沙尘过程前的轻雾天气下PM1贡献了气溶胶质量浓度的96%和数浓度的99.9%以上;本次沙尘天气存在两个不同的浮尘过程,主要区别体现在细粒子浓度差异上,第一次浮尘过程PM1~2.5、PM2.5~10和PM10~100分别占气溶胶数浓度的6.5%、2.5%和0.1%,第二次浮尘过程占比则依次为11.3%、2.6%和0.01%;两次浮尘过程气溶胶粒子性质有明显差异,第一次浮尘过程中粗粒子浓度占PM10的80%以上,第二次浮尘过程风向转变为偏北风,细粒子浓度增高至40%,气溶胶由单纯的沙尘气溶胶转变为沙尘-污染气溶胶。     

塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征及影响因素分析

利用哈密、塔中与和田沙尘暴观测站2005—2008年大气降尘观测资料,结合铁干里克、民丰等18个大气降尘监测点2007年4月以来的大气降尘、沙尘天气等观测资料,分析了塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征,同时分析了影响大气降尘浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①2005—2008年3站中哈密大气降尘量最少,其次为和田,塔中的大气降尘量最多; 2006年是4 a中降尘量最多年份,其次为2005年,2008年相对较少。②春夏季是大气降尘集中季节,秋季略大于冬季。塔里木盆地中部最高,南部及西南部的站点降尘明显高于盆地的东部和西部。③在沙尘暴季节,无论是5月还是6月,2007年大气降尘量基本上都高于2008年。④2007年5月和6月,除盆地东面的哈密、铁干里克以及西缘的阿拉尔3站外,其他18个站沙尘天气较多。沙尘天气是塔里木盆地大气降尘量高的主要因素,沙尘天气越多,大气降尘量越高。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中心的沙尘气溶胶观测研究

沙尘气溶胶严重影响中国北方的空气质量,作为一种重要气溶胶并影响区域的辐射平衡。塔克拉玛干沙漠每年释放大量的沙尘气溶胶,而位于塔克拉玛干沙漠中心的塔中站,提供了对沙尘气溶胶的近距离观测。利用该站地面太阳光度计的观测数据分析了沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并分析了该站光学厚度、能见度、大气飘尘质量浓度（PM10）和大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度（TSP）之间的相关性。结果显示,气溶胶的440 nm光学厚度在春季最高、秋季最小,440 nm光学厚度与能见度呈现负幂函数关系,TSP与PM10呈现线形相关关系,PM10与能见度呈现负幂函数关系。