宁夏冬季气温的变化及同期500hPa环流特征量的变化特征

通过近40多年来宁夏冬季气温的变化进行了研究,结果表明:宁夏冬季气温总趋势是变暖的,冬季平均气温在1985年前后发生突变,突变后升温最明显的是中部干旱带;宁夏冬季气候变暖与大区域有不同之处,1967-1990年宁夏冬季升温过程,最低气温是主要的,但1990年以后宁夏冬季的变暖,并不完全是由于最低气温的变暖而形成,最高气温的变暖也是20世纪90年代以来宁夏冬季气候变暖的重要特征;宁夏极端气温变化具有明显阶段性特征,80年代末期以后极端最低气温的变率明显增大;冬季北半球500 hpa极涡面积、亚洲西风环流指数、东亚大槽位置、西太平洋副热带高压强度与宁夏冬季平均气温有较为一致的年代际气候特征;小波分析发现,以上环流特征量与宁夏冬季平均气温存在相同的4年左右的主周期变化,且在时、频域上有较为一致的对应关系。     

近50 年云南区域气候变化特征分析

利用云南气温和降水资料, 分析了云南气候变化特征及强降水极端天气和高温干旱事件对全球气候变暖的响应。以云南香格里拉、西双版纳、昆明地区为代表, 分析了区域气象要素变化趋势。结果表明: 云南近50 年气温变化与全球、北半球、中国变化趋势基本一致, 气温变化幅度略大于全球, 弱于北半球和全国变化。云南20 世纪80 年代中后期以后出现增暖现象, 以90 年代后期增温最明显, 1986 年以来出现13 年暖冬, 大部分地区冬春季降霜日数减少。随气候变暖, 香格里拉地区降雪日数呈下降趋势, 西双版纳地区雾日明显减少, 全省降雨日数逐渐减少, 大雨频率变化不大, 暴雨、大暴雨频率上升, 高温干旱事件频率增加。进入21 世纪以后, 云南降水减少, 高温干旱事件有增强增多趋势, 由2～3 年一遇变为1～2 年一遇。2005 年春夏连旱和2006 年春旱是云南近50 年和20 年来最严重的旱灾。     

近四十年来我国气温的长期变化趋势*

利用160个站1951—1988年的气温资料,本文对近四十年来我国气温变化过程和时空特征作了分析。结果表明:全国十年平均气温从50年代至今一直在升温,80年代较50年代升高0.2℃。一般升温随纬度的增高而加强,冬秋季全国普遍增温,且升温幅度最大,夏季一般降温或升温幅度很小。总的趋势是近40年来我国大部分地区有冬暖夏凉的变化。     

1981-2010 年柴达木盆地气候要素变化特征及湖泊和植被响应

以1981-2010 年柴达木盆地及其周边气象站点逐月气温和降水量资料为基础, 通过气候趋势分析、气候突变分析等方法, 研究了柴达木盆地气候要素的变化特征, 并结合Landsat TM/ETM+影像、NOAA/AVHRR-NDVI和EOS/MODIS-NDVI 数据, 研究了近30 年来柴达木盆地湖泊面积和植被生长的动态变化及其对气候要素的响应。结果表明:① 1981-2010 年, 柴达木盆地气温整体升高, 秋冬增幅最为明显, 年平均气温在1997 年发生暖突变, 1998 年以后升温趋势显著。② 1981-2010 年, 柴达木盆地年可利用降水量经历了“减少—增加—减少—增加”的变化, 但整体呈增加趋势, 1980-1985 年、1990-2001 年, 年可利用降水量呈减少趋势;1985-1990 年、2001-2010 年, 年可利用降水量呈增加趋势。③ 柴达木盆地湖泊面积受夏季可利用降水量影响显著, 1985-2010 年, 托素和冬给措纳湖泊面积呈“扩张—萎缩—扩张”变化;1985-1990 年, 湖面轻微扩张;1990-2001 年, 湖面明显萎缩;2001 年以后, 湖面显著扩张。④ 柴达木盆地植被生长受生长季可利用降水量影响显著, 1982-2010 年柴达木盆地植被生长呈“退化—改善—退化—改善”变化, 但整体呈改善趋势;1982-1985 年植被轻微退化, 1985-1990 年植被轻微改善, 1990-2001 年植被显著退化, 2001 年以后植被显著改善。     

近130年来中亚干旱区典型流域气温变化及其影响因子

利用中亚干旱区5 大主要典型流域代表性气象站点近130 年逐月实测气温数据,结合线性趋势、Mann-Kenndall 非参数检验和小波分析等方法,研究了各流域气温的多时间尺度特征,并探讨了引起气温变化的可能因素。研究发现,在近130 年来中亚干旱区各主要流域（除阿姆河外）年均气温均呈上升趋势,增温趋势高于全球和周边地区,中亚干旱区气温对全球变化的响应比其他地区更加明显。20 世纪80 年代之后更加明显,并表现出明显的多时间尺度周期振荡特征,这主要是自然外强迫动力作用、气候系统内部变化和人类活动相互叠加的结果,亚洲极涡强度减弱和面积缩小对主要流域气温变化的作用明显,其次是北半球环状模（北极涛动）和青藏高原的影响,而CO₂引起的温室气体增温效应在中亚干旱区也不容忽视。气温表现出与布吕克纳周期（BC）、太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）和准2~3 年振荡周期（TBO）等有关的显著周期,可以证实中亚干旱区气温变化与大气环流、海温和太阳活动等密切相关。     

极地热状况异常与冬季季风高压的关系

应用1951—1986年北半球海平面气压资料定义了冬季季风高压,并就季风高压与极地热状况的关系及其对东亚气温的影响进行分析。结果发现:季风高压强弱变化对我国冬季气温具有显著影响,对苏联远东南部地区及日本等地的气温趋势也具有一定的影响作用。     

气候变暖背景下祁连山西部山区水循环要素的变化——以疏勒河干流上游山区为例

根据祁连山区西部托勒气象站与疏勒河上游昌马堡水文站、鱼儿红雨量站的气温、降水、径流等观测数据,对近50年来疏勒河山区流域气温、降水、径流等水循环要素的变化特征与趋势进行了分析.结果表明,近50年来祁连西部山区年平均气温呈持续上升的态势,并在1990年代中期后出现一个突变,突变后气温上升速率较突变前明显加快.从气温的季节变化上看,冬季升温的幅度明显大于其他各季,从气温的区域变化来看,中低山地带的气温升幅要大于中高山地带.分析结果还显示,祁连山区西部年降水量总体上亦呈增长的态势,但年际波动比较剧烈.少雨年主要在1990年代以前,多雨年在近20 a;从季节变化上看,夏季降水量变化比较稳定,增减趋势不明显,其他各季降水量均有明显的上升趋势,冬季降水量增幅明显.受降水与气温加速上升所带来的冰雪融水增加的影响,疏勒河出山径流的年平均与四季流量亦呈显著增加的态势.考虑到山区夏季降水并未增加,故占年径流量比重较大的夏季径流量的增加主要是冰雪融水的贡献.     

1973—2015年努尔苏丹气温变化与城市热岛效应

基于1973—2015年努尔苏丹市和阿科尔镇逐日气温数据,以及努尔苏丹2000—2015年城市发展数据,采用回归分析、七点二次平滑、Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动T检验等分析方法研究了该区域气温和城市热岛强度的变化特征及成因。结果表明:(1)在同期北半球和中亚地区气温显著增长的大背景下,努尔苏丹年平均气温并无显著变化,气温受全球变化的影响主要表现在气温的两极化加剧上;(2)受冬季热岛强度减弱的影响,努尔苏丹年平均热岛强度呈现显著减弱趋势,而冬季热岛强度的减弱主要受对比站冬季气温变化影响,其次与努尔苏丹城市发展也有一定的关联。     

气候变暖背景下祁连山区春季积雨云变化特征

利用祁连山区及其周边26个气象观测站1961-2005年春季云形状和气温观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、小波分析等方法,分析了祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率的空间分布与时间变化特征,探讨了与气候变暖的关系,并选用同期NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,对祁连山区春季积雨云的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:① 祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率在20%～24%,为河西走廊和柴达木盆地的3～6倍,山区东、南侧多于西、北侧,与该区大气水汽含量分布呈现相一致。② 近45年来,祁连山区春季平均气温增温0.9 ℃,气温变化经历了低—高—低—高的4个变化阶段,气温变化的倾向率为0.18 ℃/10a。③ 近45年来,祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率与同期气温变化反相,经历了多—少—多—少4个变化阶段,总体呈弱的减少趋势,倾向率为0.2%/10a。④ 在25a时间尺度上,祁连山区春季气温和积雨云出现频率为反相位变化结构为主,表明在长期气候变化上,气温偏低时期对应积雨云出现偏多时期,气温偏高时期对应积雨云出现偏少时期。⑤ 祁连山区春季积雨云偏多与偏少年在欧亚500 hPa环流场上存在明显的差异,积雨云出现频次的多少是对欧亚500 hPa环流异常的响应。     

中世纪暖期南北半球气候变化特征与成因的模拟对比

利用通用地球系统模式CESM过去1500年气候模拟试验结果,对比分析中世纪暖期南、北半球气候变化特征及成因,对认识南、北半球暖期气候变化规律及其与外强迫变化的关系有重要科学意义。结果表明：中世纪暖期全球及南、北半球总体是变暖的,但仍存在峰谷变化,高纬地区增温幅度大于低纬地区,北半球中世纪暖期比南半球更为明显,其距平变幅也大于南半球。全球降水距平基本为正,南、北半球降水变幅基本相当,降水变化显著区域集中于低纬地区。太阳辐射是影响中世纪暖期全球及半球气温变化最显著的因素,火山活动对北半球气温变化也有较显著的影响。从全球尺度来看,降水由太阳辐射和火山活动共同影响,其中太阳辐射影响最为显著,但从半球尺度来看,火山活动是影响半球降水的重要因素。     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli .     

The 10th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering——Challenge and adaption of permafrost engineering to a changing climate

Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions,     

Understandings of Relationships between Agriculture and Biodiversity in Kunisaki GIAHS

<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a     

BOOK REVIEWS

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<正>Dear Readers,Please be informed that being approved by the relevant authority of Chinese government,Journal of Resources and Ecology will change publication frequency from quarterly to bimonthly from 2015,with 64 pages per issue,published at the end of January,March,May,July,September and November.Thank you for your attention.Please don't hesitate to let us know if you have any suggestions and questions about this journal.