高煤级煤储层煤层气产能“瓶颈”问题研究

基于山西沁水盆地高煤级煤储层宏观裂隙、显微裂隙的连续观测,孔隙的系统测量,结合应力渗透率、气-水相对渗透率、吸附膨胀等实验成果,分析了高煤级煤储层三级渗流特征,探讨了有效应力和煤基质收缩对高煤级煤储层渗透率的耦合作用,系统揭示了在地面排水降压开发煤层气的过程中,高煤级煤储层初期产气量高,数月后急剧衰减之“瓶颈”现象,找出了造成高煤级煤储层产气缺陷的根本原因。鉴于高煤级煤储层物性的特殊性,指出了高煤级煤储层煤层气开发的技术和措施。     

云南恩洪地区煤储层孔裂隙特征及孔渗性分析

研究煤中孔隙和裂隙,对煤层气勘探开发至关重要。云南恩洪地区煤层气资源丰富,具有较好的开发前景。通过多种测试手段对该区煤层气储层的孔隙、裂隙进行了表征,分析了煤储层的孔渗特征,并探讨了煤中显微组分及不同类型的孔隙对储层孔渗性的影响。研究结果表明:恩洪地区煤层厚度大,煤级适中,微小孔发育,吸附能力强,有利于煤层气的吸附;渗流孔隙结构单一,非均质性不高,渗流能力相对较好,显微裂隙以较小微裂隙(D型)为主,定向性和连通性较差,可能造成渗流通道不连续和受阻等问题,导致渗透性变差,对将来煤层气的开发产生不利影响。      

使用纳米碳酸钙降低低孔低渗煤层气储层伤害

传统暂堵剂难以封堵低孔低渗煤层气储层中的大量纳米级别孔隙.通过煤岩显微观测、钻井液基本性能测试、泥饼清除实验、煤岩孔隙分布实验和气体渗透率实验,探讨了纳米碳酸钙降低低孔低渗煤层气储层伤害的效果.结果表明:纳米碳酸钙材料只有在水溶液中保持纳米级的分散状态,才可能对低渗煤岩起到暂堵作用;基于纳米碳酸钙的可降解钻井液既能封堵低孔低渗煤岩中微米级别孔隙,也能封堵其中的纳米级别孔隙;经过生物酶和稀盐酸双重解堵后,煤岩渗透率恢复值达77.17%~97.98%,储层保护效果好;煤岩孔隙分布实验可以在纳米尺度上研究纳米材料对低孔低渗储层的暂堵效果.研究成果可为纳米碳酸钙在低孔低渗煤层和页岩钻完井过程中的应用奠定良好技术基础.      

不同煤阶煤层气运移通道的差异性研究

不同煤阶运移通道的差异性研究可对煤层气开发工艺的选择和参数的确定具有重要的理论意义和指导生产的实际意义。利用达西渗流理论,判定了煤层气流态和渗透率之间的关系,进而借助实验室方法测定了不同煤阶煤储层的渗透率,最终利用煤层气流态建立了煤储层渗透率与运移通道的关系,总结出了不同煤阶煤层气运移通道的差异性：①低煤阶：煤储层运移通道是基质孔隙起主导作用;②中煤阶：煤储层运移通道是割理、裂隙并重;③高煤阶：煤储层运移通道是裂隙起主导作用。     

Controlling Effects of Tight Reservoir Micropore Structures on Seepage Ability: A Case Study of the Upper Paleozoic of the Eastern Ordos Basin,China

In this study, the types of micropores in a reservoir are analyzed using casting thin section(CTS) observation and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) experiments. The high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI) and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI) experiments are performed to study the micropore structure of the reservoir. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), gas-water relative seepage, and gas-water two-phase displacement studies are performed to examine the seepage ability and parameters of the reservoir, and further analyses are done to confirm the controlling effects of reservoir micropore structures on seepage ability. The experimental results show that Benxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Shihezi formations in the study area are typical ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Owing to compaction and later diagenetic transformation, they contain few primary pores. Secondary pores are the main pore types of reservoirs in the study area. Six main types of secondary pores are: intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, lithic dissolved pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, micropores, and microfracture. The results show that reservoirs with small pore-throat radius, medium displacement pressure, and large differences in pore-throat structures are present in the study area. The four types of micropore structures observed are: lower displacement pressure and fine pores with medium-fine throats, low displacement pressure and fine micropores with fine throats, medium displacement pressure and micropores with micro-fine throats, and high displacement pressure and micropores with micro throats. The micropore structure is complex, and the reservoir seepage ability is poor in the study areas. The movable fluid saturation, range of the gas-water two-phase seepage zone, and displacement types are the three parameters that well represent the reservoir seepage ability. According to the characteristic parameters of microscopic pore structure and seepage characteristics, the reservoirs in the study area are classified into four types(Ⅰ–Ⅳ), and types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ are the main types observed. From type Ⅰ to type Ⅳ, the displacement pressure increases, and the movable fluid saturation and gas-water two-phase seepage zone decrease, and the displacement type changes from the reticulation-uniform displacement to dendritic and snake like.     

深部煤层气储层地质研究进展

深部煤层气资源潜力巨大,将是非常规天然气勘探开发的一个新领域。美国和加拿大部分地区已经成功实现了深部煤层气开发的商业化水平,而中国由于受当前开发技术和经济条件的限制,至今尚未形成规模性的开采。基于对近年来有代表性的学术论著的研究分析,从煤岩孔裂隙结构、吸附解吸性质、气体在煤层中的扩散渗流过程、煤储层的可改造特征等4个方面总结了深部煤层气储层物性的理论研究进展。研究指出深部煤储层处在高温、高压和高地应力的复杂地质环境中,煤储层储渗演化、煤层气吸附解吸扩散渗流平衡关系、煤岩应力应变行为等趋于复杂,开展特殊地质条件下的深部煤储层物性演化机理的研究,对我国深部煤层气资源的勘探开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetic Characterization of Bituminous Coal under High Temperatures and Pressures in the Linxing-Shenfu Area

The majority of coalbed methane(CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under hightemperature and high-pressure conditions, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7-100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10-100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7-10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40-60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10-100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2-3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489-1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56-0.62 nm and 0.82-0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.     

不同煤阶煤应力敏感特征及其控制机理

煤储层应力敏感降低储层渗透率,进而影响煤层气井产能,如何降低排采中的应力敏感性影响值得深入研究。为了弄清不同煤阶煤储层的应力敏感性特征及差异性,分别采集樊庄高煤阶煤、保德中煤阶煤和二连低煤阶褐煤的样品,系统开展加载和卸载过程中不同煤阶煤的应力敏感性实验,并对应力敏感的产生机理进行分析。结果表明,随煤阶的升高,煤样的应力敏感性逐渐增强,含明显裂缝的样品敏感性更强。加载有效应力10 MPa条件下,相比初始渗透率,二连低煤阶褐煤样品渗透率下降79.26%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均33.4%;保德中煤阶煤样渗透率下降79.4%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均51.4%;樊庄高煤阶煤样加载后渗透率下降92.33%,卸载后渗透率只能恢复30%左右。产生这种差异的机理主要是由于不同煤阶煤的物质组成、孔裂隙结构以及渗流通道不同造成的。低煤阶煤变质程度低,主要发育大、中孔隙,割理–裂隙不发育,为基质孔隙–喉道渗流,渗透率主要受连通喉道控制,应力加载时主要是大、中孔压缩变形严重,而尺度较小的喉道受压缩变形小,因而其应力敏感性相对弱;而高煤阶煤孔隙以微、小孔为主,镜质组含量高,割理–裂隙发育,控制其渗透性,应力加载时微、小孔难以被压缩,而裂隙抗变形能力弱,易发生韧性变形破坏或闭合,卸载后也难以恢复,表现出强应力敏感特征。考虑到高煤阶煤储层埋深更大、应力更高,因此其应力敏感性对产能伤害大,排采初期宜以较小强度进行,降低不可逆渗透率伤害,扩大压降范围;而低煤阶煤储层本身应力低、渗透率较高,应力敏感对产能影响相对较小,排水期可适当加快速度,提高排水效率。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东部煤岩孔隙特征实验分析

煤层气储层孔隙结构特征决定着煤层的吸附能力。利用低温氮吸附法和汞侵入法对鄂尔多斯盆地东部地区煤样的孔隙特征进行测试,并分别对煤样的低温氮吸附孔隙特征和汞侵入孔隙特征进行分析。在此基础上,综合两种实验的测试结果,对煤样的孔隙类型进行分类。压汞实验表明:压汞曲线和退汞曲线相似性较好,两者之间的间距很小,退汞效率达65%~75%;液氮实验表明:低变质煤孔以一端封闭的孔为主,随着煤变质程度的增加,先是较大的孔变为两端开放的孔,接着较小孔变为两端开放的孔,到了无烟煤阶段微孔也变成以两端开放的孔为主。综合两种结果,认为煤样的孔隙中以微孔和过渡孔为主,并且微孔和过渡孔是构成煤样孔隙容积的主要贡献者,大孔和中孔的总孔容所占比例较小。鄂尔多斯盆地东部煤岩的孔隙特征有利于煤层中气体的吸附,是煤层气储层的良好场所。     

不同变质变形煤储层孔隙特征与煤层气可采性

煤储层孔隙是煤层气的主要聚集场所和运移通道,煤储层孔隙结构不仅制约着煤层气的含气量,而且对其可采性也有重要影响。文中选取淮北煤田和沁水盆地不同矿区有代表性的煤样,通过对研究区不同变质与变形煤样的宏微观构造观测、镜质组反射率与孔隙度测试以及压汞实验分析,研究了不同变质变形煤储层孔隙结构特征及其对煤层气可采性的制约。研究结果表明,按照不同的变质变形特征将研究区煤储层主要划分为5类,即:高变质较强至强变形程度煤储层(Ⅰ类)、高变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅱ类)、中变质较强变形程度煤储层(Ⅲ类)、中变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅳ类)及低变质强变形程度煤储层(Ⅴ类)。不同变质变形煤储层的孔隙结构具有以下特征:Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类煤储层吸附孔占主导,Ⅰ类煤储层孔隙连通性差,Ⅱ类煤储层因后期叠加了构造裂隙,孔隙连通性变好;Ⅲ类煤储层中孔、大孔增多,但有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性变差;Ⅳ类煤储层吸附孔较多,中孔、大孔中等,且煤储层内生裂隙发育,孔隙具有较好的连通性,渗透性明显变好;Ⅴ类煤储层吸附孔含量较低,中孔较发育,大孔不太发育,有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性差。由此,变质程度高且叠加了一定构造变形的煤储层(Ⅱ类)以及中等变质程度变形较弱且内生裂隙发育的煤储层(Ⅳ类),其煤层气有较好的渗透性,可采性较好。     

深部中-高煤级煤储层孔隙结构与吸附性

为了探讨中-高煤级深部煤层孔隙结构特征和吸附性,以陕西宜川和山西柿庄地区埋深100~1 800 m的中-高煤级样品为研究对象,对样品进行了煤岩煤质分析以及压汞法、核磁共振、低温液氮和等温吸附等测试,结果表明：(1)随着深度的增加,煤层吸附孔含量增多,渗流孔含量减小,渗透性降低,储层物性变差。(2)比表面积和总孔体积在1 000 m附近出现高值区域,随后才出现如前人所述的随深度逐渐降低的趋势,这与小孔的贡献率一致,可见比表面积和总孔体积并非完全由微孔决定,小孔作用显著。(3)深部煤层吸附性是压力的正效应与温度的负效应共同作用的结果,随着压力的增高,吸附量明显增加,温度每升高1 ℃,吸附量平均减少0.25 cm³/g;兰氏压力并不是简单地随温度递增而递增,而是存在随温度变化的拐点(35 ℃),大于拐点温度时,兰氏压力才呈现增高趋势。     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

准噶尔盆地南缘低煤阶煤储层可动流体及孔径分布特征

为分析准噶尔盆地南缘（简称准南）低煤阶煤储层可动流体、束缚流体以及孔径分布特征,对准南6个矿区6个煤样进行了高速离心和低场核磁共振实验。实验结果表明:准南低煤阶煤以吸附孔发育最优,其次为渗流孔和裂隙。建立束缚水状态的最佳离心力为1.380 MPa;结合饱和水状态和束缚水状态的核磁共振T₂谱,得到可动流体孔隙度为0.45%~1.89%,平均1.29%;束缚流体孔隙度为1.03%~7.45%,平均4.18%,可动流体孔隙度与渗透率呈幂指数关系（R2=0.935 8）。根据"离心-T_2C法"得到准南低阶煤孔隙半径主要分布在0.01~1 μm,平均孔隙半径为1.771 μm。      

中国致密砂岩储层流体可动性及其影响因素

致密砂岩储层流体可动性对油气开发、预测和评价具有重要意义。查阅国内近十年相关成果，对致密储层流体可动性的相关参数、测试方法、分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析。发现致密砂岩储层的弛豫时间T₂谱截止值为0.540~41.600 ms，可动流体孔隙度为0.12%~14.35%，可动流体饱和度为2.16%~90.30%，Ⅲ—Ⅳ类储层是致密砂岩储层的主要类型，致密储层可动流体的孔喉半径下限为0.013~0.110 μm，高压压汞、核磁共振、恒速压汞识别的孔喉半径下限分别为0.037 5、0.070 0~0.200 0、0.120 0 μm，水膜厚度为0.05~1.00 μm。统计分析显示，核磁共振、恒速压汞测得致密储层可动流体饱和度偏低；水膜厚度是影响致密砂岩储层流体渗流的主要因素；低煤阶煤层可动流体饱和度最高，致密砂岩储层次之，页岩储层最低；致密砂岩储层约是页岩储层、低煤阶煤层可动流体孔隙度的10倍；砂岩储层可动流体赋存于孔隙和喉道中，受孔隙和喉道共同控制；致密砂岩具有喉道分布集中，有效孔隙发育差，孔隙大部分为喉道半径小于1.000 μm的微细孔；喉道半径越集中、孔喉半径比越小、有效喉道半径越大，越有利于储层流体的渗流；砂岩渗透率（<2×10^-3 μm²）越低，可动流体参数衰减越快；渗透率（>2×10^-3 μm²）越高，可动流体参数升高越缓慢；喉道半径是控制致密砂岩储层流体可动性的主要因素。     

Micropore structure characteristics and water distribution in a coalbed methane reservoir

Microscopic pore structure and water distribution are important and fundamental parameters for coalbed methane reservoir characterisation. These are closely related to the calculation/interpretation of other critical parameters, such as permeability and flow capacity. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations were used to study the pore structure characteristics and water distribution of Zhaozhuang coal mine in the southeastern Qinshui Basin, PR China. The results show that the pore radius ranges from 2.066 to 594.045?nm, mainly classified as micropores and transitional pores. The micropores significantly contribute to the total pore volume. The adsorption pores (micropores and transitional pores) contribute the most to the total specific surface area. The T₂ spectrum distributions of saturated water samples show two peaks. The first T₂ spectrum peak is related to adsorption pores, whereas the second T₂ spectrum peak is related to seepage pores. The seepage pores were not well developed as the adsorption pores. Most adsorption pores are saturated with irreducible water that could not be discharged by centrifugation, whereas the seepage pores are saturated with movable water that could be completely discharged by centrifugation. The T₂ cutoff method was used to calculate the irreducible water saturation, and the irreducible water saturation of the sample was ≥90%. The irreducible water was mainly distributed in the micropores, and some of the irreducible water was distributed in the transitional pores. The irreducible water that remains in the pores can cause reservoir damage.     

潞安—晋城矿区煤层气采收率分析

根据煤田地质瓦斯资料和煤层气参数井测试成果，分析了潞安－晋城（新区）矿区主煤储层的平均含气量、饱和度、临界解吸压力、理论采收率以及煤层甲烷解吸率、可解吸量等数据，得出本区主煤储层平均解吸率约为38％，高于全国其它地区。     

高阶煤煤层气井产量递减规律及影响因素

为揭示高阶煤煤层气井产量递减规律，基于沁水盆地南部樊庄区块10余年的开发数据，通过数值模拟、统计分析等方法，对现有开发技术条件下高阶煤煤层气井产量递减点（即煤层气井产量开始递减时的煤层气采出程度）、递减类型及影响因素进行分析。结果表明:樊庄区块煤层气井产量递减点平均为25%，单井平均递减点为21%，大部分井在排采4 a后开始递减；煤层气井递减点由基质渗透率和裂缝半长决定，基质渗透率和裂缝半长越大，单井有效控制半径越大、有效控制储量越多，递减点越大；基质渗透率越高，裂缝半长增加引起的递减点增幅越大。由此可知，渗透率是煤层气井递减类型的主控因素，渗透率越高，递减指数越小，递减速度越慢。随着渗透率增加，递减类型依次为线性递减、指数递减和双曲递减。综合分析认为，储层平均孔隙半径越大，煤的应力敏感性越弱，煤基质收缩对渗透率的改善程度越大，导致储层动态渗透率越高，递减速度越慢。该研究为合理控制高阶煤煤层气井产量递减具有指导意义。移动阅读      

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组长82优质储集层成因机理研究*

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8₂储集层平均孔隙度为8.8%,平均渗透率为0.64×10^-3μm²,属于低孔低渗储集层。强烈的压实作用是储集层物性变差主要原因,碳酸盐胶结作用促使储集层物性进一步变差。尽管储集层物性整体较差,但在普遍低孔低渗背景下仍发育相对高孔渗的优质储集层。对优质储集层进行了分析,总结了优质储集层的典型特征,统计表明:优质储集层的塑性组分含量较低,孔隙类型以绿泥石胶结残余粒间孔和溶孔为主,孔隙结构以中小孔—中细喉为主。在此基础上,分析了优质储集层成因机理。研究认为:分流河道、河口坝等微相高能厚层砂体有利于优质储集层发育,相对低的塑性组分含量和绿泥石环边胶结有利于粒间孔隙的保存,溶蚀作用是次生孔隙形成的最主要成岩作用。     

淮南煤田刘庄煤矿深部煤层气地质特征

为了查明刘庄煤矿深部煤层气赋存及开发地质条件,在井田内实施了两口煤层气探井,并开展了系统的分析测试工作。结果表明:刘庄深部勘查区主要煤层孔隙度一般为4.14%~4.77%,比表面积集中在2.184~5.228m 2/g,13-1煤层、11-2煤层和8煤层试井渗透率分别为0.12mD、0.09mD和0.08mD,孔裂隙系统发育一般,属于渗透性差的储集层;储层压力梯度大于静水压力梯度,属高异常压力范畴;主要煤层兰氏压力平均为2.61MPa,兰氏体积平均为6.74m 3/t,吸附能力较低;LT-1井气测录井过程中共出现14层气测异常,异常层段全烃含量均较低,最大为3.701%(16-1煤);主要煤层的含气量分布在0.21~1.47m 3/t,平均0.65m 3/t,主要煤层含气饱和度均很低,最大值仅为18.0%。综合分析认为,刘庄煤矿深部主要煤层埋深大,孔裂隙系统发育差,渗透率低,而且具有低含气量和低饱和度的特征,煤层气勘探风险较高。     

贵州省煤层气规划区块煤储层特征与有利区优选

煤层气有利区块的科学评价,是煤层气勘探开发部署和效益最大化.基于贵州省新划定的18个矿权空白的煤层气规划区块,综合区块现有地质与工程数据,系统研究了18个区块煤层气地质背景、资源特征、赋存特征和储层特征,并基于煤阶分类评价原则,运用多层次模糊数学综合评判法对18个区块进行了区块优选.结果表明:(1)18个规划区块龙潭组...