羌塘盆地南部海相侏罗系古油藏例析

羌塘盆地具有良好的油气生储盖组合。盆地内已发现100多处油气显示,其中最典型的南羌塘坳陷“隆鄂尼古油藏”发现于中侏罗统布曲组,为一被断层切割的背斜构造,出露面积约10km~2。主要储层白云岩累计厚度达400.9m,孔隙度最高达15.5%,渗透率最高达283×10~3μm~2。分析结果显示油苗性质为“轻质油”,具有海相原油的特征,其烃源岩主要为中侏罗统夏里组页岩。据构造及烃源岩有机质热演化史分析,盆地内构造形成和烃类转化的高峰期同处于燕山运动晚期。该古油藏的发现,说明了羌塘盆地内确实发生过油气的生成、运移和聚集过程,特别是在盆地内三叠系一中侏罗统未出露的大量地区,具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

羌塘北部胜利河地区液态原油及生烃史分析

北羌塘坳陷南部胜利河地区侏罗系海相地层发育良好的生储盖组合，中下侏罗统黑色泥岩、泥页岩为烃源岩，中侏罗统布曲组裂隙灰岩和白云岩为储层，中侏罗统夏里组泥岩和膏泥岩为盖层。深度500 m地质调查井钻探表明，中侏罗统布曲组发育2层含油白云岩 (层位深度0~6 m、15~17 m)和4层含油裂隙灰岩(层位深度24~40 m、65~97 m、100~109 m、155~157 m)，部分岩芯达到富含油级别；深度88~90m岩芯见液态原油沿裂隙缓慢渗出，岩芯内部存在暗棕色可流动原油。胜利河地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃与印度- 欧亚大陆碰撞导致的逆冲推覆及构造改造存在密切关系，中下侏罗统烃源岩镜质组反射率Ro至早白垩世早期(~138 Ma)增长为~0. 52%，此后在白垩纪中晚期长期处于未成熟—低成熟状态；新生代早期碰撞造山使胜利河地区转变为向阳湖逆冲推覆前陆盆地，红层沉积导致中下侏罗统烃源岩埋深大幅增加，至始新世早期(~51 Ma)Ro升至0. 80%~0. 83%，形成生烃高峰。古近纪早期产生的液态原油保存于布曲组灰岩裂缝和白云岩储层，成为羌塘盆地油气勘探重要目标。     

北羌塘胜利河地区布曲组优质烃源岩形成环境与有机质富集机制

羌塘盆地是我国陆上新区油气勘探程度最低的中生代海相含油气沉积盆地,其主力烃源岩一直认识不清。本文以胜利河地区中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩为研究对象,开展了有机地球化学和元素地球化学的系统研究,探讨了布曲组烃源岩的形成环境和有机质富集机制,为预测北羌塘坳陷中侏罗统布曲组优质烃源岩的分布提供了理论依据。胜利河地区布曲组烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型为Ⅱ型,处于成熟阶段,综合评价为优质烃源岩。布曲组沉积时期,气候干旱炎热,研究区初级生产力水平较高,属于弱局限盆地,具有浅水、高盐度、贫氧—缺氧的沉积环境。布曲组沉积时期,羌塘盆地发生大规模海侵,研究区邻近中央隆起,陆源输入和热液活动携带大量营养物质磷、铁等进入海洋,导致较高的初级生产力,是北羌塘坳陷布曲组优质烃源岩有机质富集的主控因素。研究区位于北羌塘坳陷的最小含氧带区域,有利于大量浮游生物在此缺氧死亡埋藏保存。通过有机质富集机制的分析,北羌塘坳陷的近岸陆棚斜坡带可能是中侏罗统布曲组优质烃源岩分布的有利区域。     

青藏高原羌D2井海相烃源岩评价和油源对比

南羌塘坳陷D2井中侏罗统曲布组海相碳酸盐岩大部分为差—好烃源岩级别,少部分为非烃源岩级别,有机质母质类型以Ⅱ型为主,热演化处于成熟—高成熟阶段。油源对比分析表明,羌D2井曲布组白云岩和含沥青角砾岩中油质沥青来自该组地层灰岩烃源岩,具自生自储性质。同时,中侏罗统雀莫错组灰黑色泥页岩作为烃源层也存在提供油源的可能性。     

西藏羌塘盆地中生代构造岩相演化及油气远景

西藏羌塘盆地中生代构造岩相组合分带及特征明显 ,可以反映羌塘盆地的演化史。早中三叠世北羌塘构造岩相组合表现为前陆盆地沉积 ,而南羌塘盆地为剥蚀环境 ;至晚三叠世除中央隆起剥蚀外 ,北羌塘仍为前陆盆地沉积 ,而此时南羌塘坳陷演化成陆缘海沉积。早侏罗世早期盆地开始坳陷 ,造成相对较窄沉积相的构造岩相组合特点 ,初步形成“两坳一隆”的构造格局 ;中侏罗世南北羌塘坳陷继续下降 ,“两坳一隆”的构造格局更加明显 ;晚侏罗世羌塘盆地发育到晚期 ,并萎缩、封闭成型。从构造岩相组合特征看 ,中侏罗统北羌塘坳陷龙尾湖—雀莫错凹陷区与南羌塘坳陷蒂让碧错凹陷区都是有利于储、聚油气的远景区。     

滇黔桂盆地泥盆系页岩气成藏条件及资源潜力分析

通过野外露头观察、剖面测量和样品测试,分析了滇黔桂盆地泥盆系页岩气成藏条件。研究结果表明：滇黔桂盆地中、下泥盆统发育两套台盆相暗色泥页岩沉积,泥页岩单层厚度为10~55 m,累计厚度普遍在100~450 m之间;泥页岩TOC一般为1.0%~2.5%,有机质类型为Ⅰ型-Ⅱ₁型,处于高-过成熟热演化阶段;储层物性接近于四川盆地威201井寒武系九老洞组页岩,发育多种储集空间类型,脆性矿物含量平均值为46%,具备储集条件;黔南坳陷西南部和桂中坳陷中西部地区地层相对平缓,断裂密度和剥蚀厚度小,且断裂性质以逆冲、压扭为主,页岩气保存条件相对较好。综合考虑暗色泥页岩厚度、埋藏深度、有机碳含量、热演化程度和保存条件等因素,预测滇黔桂盆地泥盆系页岩气有利层段为塘丁组和罗富组,有利区主要分布于天峨-南丹-河池一带以及桂中坳陷中部的鹿寨-来宾-合山-大化地区。利用地质资源丰度类比法计算出该区页岩气地质资源量为0.66×10¹²~1.09×10¹² m³。     

羌塘盆地优质烃源岩和白云岩储油层的层位与分布

藏北羌塘盆地历经石油部门和地调部门25年的地质调查和石油勘探,因为迄今没有发现工业油气藏,目前对其勘探前景和勘探目标的认识争议很大。本文试图根据地表和浅钻发现的优质烃源岩和含油白云岩的分布,对下一步圈定富烃凹陷位置和聚焦勘探目标提出一些认识。研究表明：（1）根据油气勘探的源控论思路,以毕洛错和西长梁等地的侏罗系海湾或台沟相油页岩沉积为标识,根据地震勘探划分的构造单元,首先优选富烃凹陷;（2）同时,参考双湖地区隆鄂尼、昂达尔和鄂斯玛等地地表出露的布曲组白云岩油层,开展地震攻关,引进中国南方白云岩储层勘探的经验和方法,标定南羌塘和北羌塘坳陷区白云岩的空间分布,以白云岩作为重点勘探目标,力争实现羌塘盆地油气勘探的战略突破。     

羌塘盆地昂达尔错白云岩古油藏地质特征及成藏条件

昂达尔错白云岩古油藏位于羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷,是羌塘盆地规模最大的古油藏带,对该区油气勘探具有重要意义。依据铸体薄片、储层物性、沥青族组分分析,剖析了白云岩古油藏地质特征。分析结果表明,昂达尔错古油藏的储集体可归类为低孔—低渗型到中孔—中渗型储层,为较好储层类型;其石油族组分呈现饱和烃含量低、非烃+沥青质含量高的特征,为芳香沥青型、芳香环烷型石油。划分出两套生储盖组合,其中的下侏罗统曲色组—中侏罗统布曲组组合为较好的生储盖组合类型,具有较好的勘探远景。认为古油藏在晚侏罗世成藏,在喜马拉雅期遭受逆冲破坏。     

三江盆地绥滨坳陷下白垩统陆相页岩油气形成的地质条件分析

绥滨坳陷是位于三江盆地西部的次一级构造单元,并且作为中国东北部地区唯一的中生界具有海相和海陆交互相沉积的、未获得常规油气突破的坳陷,对其进行非常规油气地质研究显得意义重大。其中中生界下白垩统穆棱组和城子河组的陆相富有机质含煤泥页岩是该地区最重要的两套主力烃源岩层系。通过分析绥滨坳陷下白垩统暗色泥页岩的分布情况、地球化学指标、页岩储层及含气性特征等因素,认为下白垩统两套富有机质泥页岩的分布面积较广泛(＞2 000 km²)、累积厚度大(＞1 000 m)、TOC含量高(＞1.3%)、受局部火山活动的影响,成熟度以成熟-过成熟为主(平均1.19%),有机质类型以Ⅲ和Ⅱ₂为主,有利于生气,且储层中石英、长石及碳酸盐等脆性矿物含量较高,易于后期压裂改造的实施。另外,多段泥页岩层段气测显示异常,表明了其良好的页岩气勘探潜力。并与美国和国内海、陆相产气页岩层的主要参数指标相比较,初步认为普阳-南大林子凹陷的北部及南部的东荣集贤一带为页岩气勘探的有利地区且以城子河组为最有利层段,而穆棱组次之,页岩油气资源潜力巨大。     

济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系页岩气生烃潜力评价

为了研究济阳坳陷石炭–二叠纪煤系泥页岩生烃潜力,应用地球化学、石油地质学及煤地质学等方法,从济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残留地层分布、泥页岩有机地球化学特征和泥页岩生烃潜力对比等方面进行研究。研究结果表明:济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残余地层厚度一般在200~800 m,最厚可达900 m;煤系泥页岩有机质丰度较好,为Ⅲ型干酪根,有利于生气,有机质成熟度达到成熟–较高成熟阶段;本溪组和太原组生烃潜力较好;山西组烃源岩各凹陷均可见中–好油气源岩,但范围局限,整体评价仍为中等。与我国其他地区对比发现,济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系泥页岩生烃能力总体处于中等水平,具有一定的页岩气勘探潜力。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Inter-regional correlation of transgressions and regressions in the Cretaceous period

Well investigated platforms have been selected in each continent, and the history of Cretaceous transgressions and regressions there is concisely reviewed from the available evidence. The factual records have been summarized into a diagram and the timing of the events correlated between distant as well as adjoining areas.On a global scale, major transgressions were stepwise enlarged in space and time from the Neocomian, via Aptian-Albian, to the Late Cretaceous, and the post-Cretaceous regression was very remarkable. Minor cycles of transgression-regression were not always synchronous between different areas. Some of them were, however, nearly synchronous between the areas facing the same ocean.Tectono-eustasy may have been the main cause of the phenomena of transgression-regression, but certain kinds of other tectonic movements which affected even the so-called stable platforms were also responsible for the phenomena. The combined effects of various causes may have been unusual in the Cretaceous, since it was a period of global tectonic activity. The slowing down of this activity followed by readjustments may have been the cause of the global regression at the end of the Cretaceous.     

The lamprophyres of Afyon stratovolcano,western Anatolia,Turkey: description and genesis

The Afyon stratovolcano exhibits lamprophyric rocks, emplaced as hydrovolcanic products, aphanitic lava flows and dyke intrusions, during the final stages of volcanic activity. Most of the Afyon volcanics belong to the silica-saturated alkaline suite, as potassic trachyandesites and trachytes, while the products of the latest activity are lamproitic lamprophyres (jumillite, orendite, verite, fitztroyite) and alkaline lamprophyres (campto-sannaite, sannaite, hyalo-monchiquite, analcime–monchiquite). Afyon lamprophyres exhibit LILE and Zr enrichments, related to mantle metasomatism.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20140876 Gao Junbo(College of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China);Yang Ruidong Study on the Strontium Isotopic Composition of Large Devonian Barite Deposits from Zhenning,Guizhou Province(Geochimica,     

METALS DEPOSITS

正20141470 Chai Lu(Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,CGS,Shenyang110034,China);Zhu Qun Distribution of Significant Metal Mineral Resources the in Adjacent Areas of China,Russia and Mongolia(Geology and Resources,ISSN1671-1947,CN21-1458/P,22(5),2013,p.397-402,2 illus.,3 tables,20 refs.)Key words:metal ores,China,Russia,Mongolia     

GEOPHYSICS

正20141944Bao Hanyong(Research Institute of Exploration and Development,Jianghan Oilfield,SINOPEC,Wuhan 430223,China);Guo Zhanfeng Tectonic-Thermal Evolution of the Subei Basin since the Late Cretaceous(Geological Journal of China Universities,ISSN1006-7493,CN32-1440/P,19(4),     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20140692 Duo Tianhui(No.402 Geological Team,Exploration of Geology and Mineral Resources of Sichuan Authority,Chengdu611730,China);Wang Yongli Computer Simulation of Neptunium Existing Forms in the Groundwater(Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,ISSN1001-1749,CN51-1242/P,35(3),     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20142512Chen Xiaoan(Jiangxi Provincial Research Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Nanchang 330029,China);Yang Jie Distribution Characteristics and Causes of Collapse Erosion(Journal of Mountain Research,ISSN1008-2786,CN51-1516/P,31(6),2013,p.716-722,2illus.,7tables,14refs.)     

SEISMIC GEOLOGY

正20140644Cao Ying(Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province,Kunming 650224,China);Wu Xiaoping Research on Structural Stress Field Basing on Focal Mechanism Solutions Data in Sichuan-Yunan Area(Journal of Seismological Research,ISSN1000-0666,CN53-1062/P,36(2),2013,p.165-172,6illus.,2tables,16refs.)