地震技术在煤层气勘探开发中的应用现状与发展趋势

地质研究程度欠佳是造成我国煤层气开发投入/产出效率偏低的重要原因之一,当前大量的低产煤层气井是对不利的地质因素认识不清引起的。基于对煤层气富集主控地质因素的地球物理响应特征分析,认为构造、煤层厚度、煤体结构、裂隙系统等在地震弹性参数上均有明确的响应特征,但煤层含气性响应微弱,地震预测难度大。依据当前地震勘探技术发展现状,提出在三个层次上开展煤层气地震技术的研究与攻关:1)充分发挥采集、处理、解释等地震技术在构造勘探中的优势,大幅提高煤层赋存形态及构造的控制精度;2)加强井震联合反演、属性分析等技术研究,开展煤层厚度、围岩(岩性组合)、煤层宏观结构等岩性预测;3)开展煤层含气性、裂隙系统、煤体结构、地应力等煤层储层物性的岩石物理测试及地震预测方法的研究。     

柳林地区煤层气开采动态及单井产量主控因素分析

柳林地区是我国煤层气勘探开发的热点地区之一,初步实现了煤层气商业化开发。根据柳林地区煤层气井生产数据,对气井产气动态进行了分析,按产量大小进行了气井统计,中产气井比例较高,为42.9%,高产气井占28.6%,低和极低产气井比例为28.5%。分析煤层气井排采曲线特征,总结归纳气井的产气模式有单峰式、高峰-稳定式和低峰-高峰-稳定式三类。从影响煤层气产能的构造、气含量、渗透率、煤层厚度、煤层埋深、水文地质条件等地质因素入手,分析了各地质因素对气井产能的影响,并建立各类因素与煤层气井产能的关系。研究认为:柳林地区煤层气井的高产条件并非受单一因素的控制,而是主要取决于多种有利地质主控因素的有机匹配、共同作用的结果。      

首山一井二1煤层煤层气研究

探讨了平顶山矿区二1煤层煤层气的生成演化特点,分析研究了二1煤层煤层气成分、含量的变化趋势及影响其赋存特征的地质因素,评价了开发煤层气资源所必需的储层条件,并计算了二1煤层煤层气资源量及可采资源量。     

徐州地区煤层气勘探地质条件及选区评价

根据徐州地区的含煤区地质背景、煤系分布、煤层特征及含气量等煤层气勘探地质条件的综合研究,分析了煤层气的控气地质因素,在此基础上建立了适合本区地质实际的评价标准,并采用模糊综合分析方法,对12个煤层气勘探开发预选区块进行评价。研究表明:徐州地区煤层总厚10~15 m,结构简单至复杂,含煤特征在空间展布上有着很大的差异;从煤层钻孔瓦斯含量来看,本区属于低沼气区,煤层气的赋存与煤阶、埋深、煤层厚度、构造类型、岩浆岩侵入、水文地质条件等因素有关;根据本次煤层气选区评价结果,建议将九里山区的QK7、QK9区块作为下一步煤层气勘探开发的首选区块。     

演马庄井田煤层气资源开发前景评价

煤层气资源与可采性评价是煤层气开发的基础.运用瓦斯地质理论,分析了井田地质构造、煤层埋藏深度、上覆基岩厚度、煤层厚度等地质因素与煤层含气量的关系.研究结果显示,演马庄井田煤层含气量分布呈西低东高、北低南高的趋势,并划分出4个煤层气开发有利块段及开发顺序.另外,从水文地质条件、顶底板岩性、构造煤发育规律及煤层渗透性等地质因素和重要可采性参数方面,评价了该井田煤层气的可采性,认为演马庄井田具有地面开采煤层气的潜力.     

昭通褐煤盆地煤层气富集规律及主控地质因素

随着美国粉河盆地煤层气商业开发的成功,褐煤盆地煤层气资源受到广泛关注。我国昭通褐煤盆地蕴藏着丰富的煤层气资源,开发潜力巨大。在分析煤层气分布规律的基础上,厘定了煤层气富集的主控地质因素,对煤层气资源开发潜力进行了评价。研究表明:昭通盆地褐煤演化程度低,煤层生气量少,且大量孔裂隙被水充填,煤层含气量低,预测埋深150 m煤层气含量为1.45 m3/t,埋深500 m煤层气含量为2.00 m3/t。研究区煤层气富集的主控地质因素包括煤层厚度、煤层埋藏深度、构造地质特征、煤层顶板岩性及封闭条件等。由于褐煤煤化程度低,煤层生气量少,加之盆地内煤层埋藏深度不大,易遭受氧化,致使煤层含气量较低,但盆地内煤层厚,赋存的煤炭资源量大,单位面积内煤层气资源丰度高,为煤层气富集提供了良好的内部条件;同时盆地沉积后期构造相对稳定,煤层顶板为粘土及砂质粘土,封闭条件较好,有利于煤层气的保存。     

顾桥井田煤层气井多煤层合采产量影响因素分析

通过对淮南顾桥井田5口地面煤层气试验井的开发地质条件及开发现状进行分析,并对影响煤层气单井产量的关键因素进行了讨论。结果表明,顾桥井田煤层气井产量主要受地质条件和压裂改造、排采控制等工程条件影响。渗透率低、微孔发育、煤岩体力学性能以及地应力大小和地应力方向等是影响整个井田煤层气产量的主要地质因素;压裂规模和压裂液返排率低等储层改造参数对顾桥井田煤层气井产能也能产生重要影响;层间距大且合层开发层间干扰、煤层非均质性严重造成排采参数波动是影响试验井煤层气产量的主要排采控制因素。      

鸡西煤田煤层气开发可行性分析

通过对鸡西煤田煤储层的分布、厚度、埋藏深度、圈闭条件、水文地质及构造条件等诸多影响煤层甲烷分布的地质因素分析,阐明了煤层甲烷开发的有利和不利条件,从而进一步探讨了煤层气开发的可行性。     

影响一号向斜煤层气可采性的主要地质因素

在回顾该地区煤层气勘探历史的基础上,从影响煤层气开采的主要地质因素出发,论述了煤层渗透性及决定煤层渗透性的古、今地应力场特征、煤层天然裂隙发育程度、现今有效地应力大小以及地层压力、等温吸附／解吸特征、含气饱和程度及气体扩散速率等;探讨了一号向斜不同部位煤层气开采具有的不同地质影响因素。了解并掌握这些因素有利于煤层气进一步勘探和开发。     

论贵州煤层气地质特点与勘探开发战略

贵州煤层气地质条件具有“一弱、两多、三高、四大”的特点,即龙潭组富水性弱,控气构造类型多和煤层层数多,煤层含气量高、资源丰度高、储层压力及地应力高,以及煤层气资源量大、煤级变化大、煤层渗透性变化大和地质条件垂向变化大。贵州煤层气的赋存特点,一方面体现出其煤层气资源富集程度高、储层能量大、开发潜力巨大的优势;另一方面存在影响煤层渗透性及储层改造的不利因素,因此煤层气勘探开发需要寻找新的思路与方法。针对贵州省目前煤层气地质研究程度,提出近期应加大对煤层气勘探开发投入,准确摸清全省煤层气资源潜力状况,在此基础上分析各类煤层气开发技术对煤层气地质条件的适应性,进而合理制定煤层气资源勘探开发利用战略与规划。根据贵州省煤层气的开发现状建议将织纳煤田作为现阶段煤层气地面勘探开发的主攻区域,借鉴煤层气开发晋城模式,尽快在未采动区实施以地面直井和丛式井组为主的上部煤层群煤层气开发先导性示范工程;对六盘水及其他煤田则可借鉴淮南模式,通过远距离保护层大面积采动卸压,综合利用采前、采中、采后矿井和地面煤层气抽采技术,实施采动区煤层气开采,继而建设与之配套的分布式煤层气小型化利用、储运技术与装置。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the