铂族金属资源的现状及对策研究

铂族金属具有优良的特性，被广泛用于石油、化工、汽车、信息产业、航空、航海、军事及宇航等高科技领域之中，是现代科学、尖端技术和工业上不可缺少的贵金属材料，随着经济发展，铂族金属消费量不断增长，地位越来越重要，因此，许多国家（尤其是美国）都将铂族金属作为战略物资，严格控制、管理和储备、并十分重视铂族金属找矿及成矿理论研究工作，铂族金属是我国急缺矿产，铂族金属资源及生产高度集中在南非和俄罗斯，一旦主要资源国政治、经济有变，对我斩 经济安全将产生一定影响，因此，必须重视铂族金属战略地位，加强铂族金属资源勘查和储备，同时实施“走出去”战略，到国外铂族金属资源丰富的国家录找铂族金属资源。     

基于恒等式原理的中国钢铁工业铌资源需求预测研究

铌主要应用于钢铁的生产,含铌钢材广泛应用于航空航天、海洋工程、汽车与交通、能源化工及工程机械等高端制造领域。中国是当前世界第一大铌资源消费国,供需矛盾极为突出,严重依赖国外资源。为保障中国铌资源供应安全与钢铁产业结构调整提供依据,本文基于恒等式原理构建了钢铁工业铌资源需求预测模型,参考发达国家钢铁工业铌资源消费经验,对中国钢铁工业铌需求进行了定量预测。研究结果表明:(1)中国铌工业和钢铁工业现代化程度明显落后于发达国家;(2)典型发达国家含铌钢产量占粗钢产量比例从最低值增长至最高值呈现出一定的规律性;(3)到2030年,中国钢铁工业铌资源需求将持续增长,2025年钢铁工业铌资源需求为3.3～5.2万t、2030年为4.0～7.1万t,中国铌资源供应安全面临严峻挑战。为此,本文建议持续扩大中国铌资源海外权益产量、提高国内储量、加强铌资源提取和二次资源回收技术研发来保障国内外铌资源稳定的供应,同时推进国内铌相关产业建设。     

非洲铂族金属矿产资源禀赋特征、成矿潜力及开发利用

铂族元素（Platinum group elements,PGEs）作为地壳最稀缺的一类金属元素,是重要的战略性矿产资源,与金一样,具有经济和科技双重的功能。非洲铂族金属矿产资源丰富且高度集中,占世界资源量> 80 %,主要集中在南非和津巴布韦。本文在前人研究基础上,对非洲PGEs矿床主要成矿类型、时空分布特点和开发利用现状进行了总结,研究认为：（1）非洲大型-超大型PGEs矿床成因类型主要为岩浆型,在时空上与世界级铁质-镁铁质大火成岩省（南非布什维尔德和津巴布韦大岩墙）密切相关,可细化分为脉状铜镍硫化物型、整合接触型铜镍硫化物型、脉状铬铁矿型和钒钛磁铁矿型。依据区域构造演化及其所产出的矿化特征,认为以铁质-镁铁质岩有关的岩浆型矿床仍具有较大的找矿潜力。(2)非洲铂族金属矿产勘查开发程度相对较高,近十年是全球勘查资金投入最多的地区,同时也是世界第一大Pt生产地和第二大Pd生产地。从事勘查开发的主要为世界顶级PGEs矿业寡头。（3）非洲是全球一次性铂族金属矿产品主要供应国,主要出口至美国、日本、中国、德国和英国。加强与南非、津巴布韦等国家之间的合作,保障PGEs资源供应的安全对我国尤为重要。     

某地铬精矿中铂族元素的回收

随着国民经济的不断发展,各部门对铂族金属的需求日益增多.为开展综合利用,扩大铂族矿产资源.我们对某地铬精矿中的铂族矿物进行了选矿研究工作,取得了初步结果.该铬精矿中,六种铂族元素均有,其中以钉含量最高.次为锇、铱、铂,再次为铑、钯.铂族元素主要呈硫化物、砷化物、硫砷化物和金属互化物的独立矿物存在.主要矿物有硫铱锇钌矿、砷铂矿、硫砷铱矿、含铱硫砷铂矿、锑钯矿、铱钯矿、锇铱矿、硫砷铑铱铂矿等.铬精矿中主要     

铂族元素矿物共生组合(英文)

由于铂族元素能有效地降低汽车尾气的污染 ,其需求量日益增加 ,对铂族元素矿床的寻找已是当务之急。着重从矿物矿床学角度对铂族元素的矿物共生特点进行了探讨。铂族元素可呈独立矿床产出 ,主要产于基性超基性层状侵入体、蛇绿岩套及阿拉斯加式侵入体中。铂族元素也伴生于铜镍矿床中 ,该类铜镍矿床主要与苏长岩侵入体、溢流玄武岩及科马提岩有关。产于基性超基性层状侵入体中的铂族矿物有铂钯硫化物、铂铁合金、钌硫化物、铑硫化物、铂钯碲化物、钯砷化物及钯的合金。这些铂族矿物可与硫化物矿物共生 ,也可与硅酸盐矿物共生 ,还可与铬铁矿及其他氧化物矿物共生。产于蛇绿岩套中的铂族矿物主要是钌铱锇的矿物 ,而铂钯铑的矿物则较少出现 ,这些铂族矿物可呈合金、硫化物、硫砷化物以及砷化物 4种形式出现。产于阿拉斯加式侵入体中的铂族矿物主要有铂铁合金、锑铂矿、硫铂矿、砷铂矿、硫锇矿及马兰矿等少数几种 ,其中铂铁合金与铬铁矿及与其同时结晶的高温硅酸盐矿物共生 ,而其他的铂族矿物则与后来的变质作用及蛇纹岩化作用中形成的多金属硫化物及砷化物共生。产于铜镍矿床中的铂族矿物主要是铂和钯的矿物。产于基性超基性层状侵入体、蛇绿岩套及阿拉斯加式侵入体中的铂族矿物的共同特点是它们均与铬铁矿?     

用于铂族元素分析的中外地质标准物质

标准物质作为地质分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、仪器校准、方法评价和仲裁分析中发挥着重要作用。铂族元素分析一直是地质材料分析中最棘手的任务之一,铂族元素标准物质研制困难,数量少,严重影响了对铂族元素分析方法的评价和分析数据的质量监控,成为铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价和相关研究工作的瓶颈。收集了中国及国际上现有的34个铂族元素标准物质和52个其他地球化学标准物质中的101个铂族元素定值数据。为便于使用也收集了这些标准物质中其他元素的含量信息,给出了铂族各元素按含量大小排列的信息简表以方便选择。充分利用这些标准物质对促进铂族元素分析方法研究,保证铂族元素分析数据质量,提高中国和世界铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价及研究水平具有重要意义。     

内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中铂族金属矿物的特征及成因

在内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中发现了砷铂矿、砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿等铂族金属矿物。野外观察和室内电子探针分析发现,砷铂矿与磁铁矿、绿泥石共生,砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿与黄铁矿共生。铂族金属主要赋存在二辉石岩中,且在镁铁质—超镁铁质杂岩体中呈脉状产出。文圪乞铂族金属的分布、产状及特征显示岩浆作用对铂族金属的富集起着关键的控制作用,岩浆期后的热液作用对铂族金属迁移、富集也起着关键作用。     

世界主要矿产资源空间数据库系统的基本设计思想

为了解世界矿产资源形势，分析并掌握中国矿产资源的供应和竞争能力、供应渠道，为政府宏观决策和编制中长期国民经济发展规划及矿产资源规划提供依据，为全社会矿产资源勘查、开发、利用提供信息服务，保障国家经济安全和矿产资源的可持续利用，国土资源部矿产资源储量司于２０００年设立了世界主要矿产资源基础信息收集汇总及对中国可供性分析项目，世界主要矿产资源空间数据库系统的建设是该项目中的重要研究内容之一。该系统建设共涉及１６个主要矿种：石油、天然气、煤、铁、铜、钾、锰、铬、铅、锌、铝、镍、钴、铂族金属、银、铀。覆…     

"二元消费"影响下的镍供需形势分析

不锈钢产业是镍最大的消费领域,对全球镍消费趋势起决定性作用.近年来,电动汽车产业逐渐发展,动力电池对镍需求也逐渐得到重视,该领域的镍消费普遍被认为是最具发展潜力的镍消费领域.本文通过对镍需求的历史和现状进行分析,对未来不锈钢及电动汽车领域等重要部门的镍需求进行了展望,认为未来镍需求将由2019年243万t增长至2030年445万t,其中不锈钢领域仍为其第一大消费领域,电池领域上升为第二大消费领域;通过梳理全球镍资源情况及供应开发情况,认为由于受到疫情冲击,2020年镍矿供需形势紧张状态将有所缓解,但随着未来疫情好转,未来几年内镍仍将处于供需紧张状态;此外,通过梳理镍供应链条,本文认为市场对硫酸镍以及硫化镍矿需求未来有望持续增长,这对镍盐价格将形成有力支撑,对推动全球红土镍矿湿法产能建设也将形成一定促进作用.     

后疫情时期全球铁矿资源格局分析

铁是我国用量最大、用途最广的金属,新冠肺炎疫情期间国际铁矿石市场出现较多新变化,分析国际铁矿石供需和市场格局变化原因,研判未来趋势,对于保障我国铁矿石资源稳定供应具有重要意义.本文首先分析了新冠肺炎疫情下,全球钢铁产量、铁矿石供应和价格变化趋势,分析发现受新冠肺炎疫情影响,全球铁矿石供需格局进一步集中,呈现"两个国家,两个60％"的格局.即中国钢铁产量在全球地位将进一步提升,接近60％;澳大利亚对全球铁矿海运市场供应地位进一步提升,接近60％.其次,本文预测了未来2～3年中国和全球钢铁需求变化趋势,认为近年来中国钢铁产量增加的主要原因是国家稳定经济增长的需要,未来2～3年我国钢铁产量仍将保持高位,但长期来看我国铁矿石需求高位运行一段时间后降会缓慢下降.最后本文分析了全球铁矿石价格趋势,认为全球铁矿石价格将在2020年4季度冲高回落至100 USD/t以内,未来2～3年铁矿价格将缓慢震荡回落,铁矿价格平台将下移至60～80 USD/t之间.     

中国关键矿产现状、研究内容与资源战略分析

关键矿产是指当前和未来相当长时间内现代社会可持续发展所必须但在稳定供给方面又存在高风险的金属矿产资源,主要包括稀土、稀有、稀散金属和部分稀贵金属矿产资源。关键金属由于具有极度耐高温、耐腐蚀、光学和电磁性质优良等物理化学特性,是航空航天、电子信息、高端制造、新能源、新材料等重点领域和新兴产业发展的重要物质基础。由于高科技和新兴产业的快速发展,未来几十年全球对关键矿产的需求将迅猛增长, 供需矛盾将日益突出,可以说,未来国际矿产资源和科技的竞争在很大程度上将集中于对关键矿产资源的博弈。过去十余年来,中国一直为矿产资源第一消费大国,在未来较长时间内对关键矿产的需求量仍将持续增长。面对国内强劲需求和严峻的国际资源竞争态势, 迫切需要加大科技创新力度, 持续开展关键矿产成矿基础理论和综合利用技术研究。中国的关键矿产种类丰富,成矿过程中关键金属元素的地球化学行为和成矿机制复杂,矿化类型多样,空间分布成群成带,资源潜力大。未来要聚焦关键金属元素超常富集基础理论,重点解决好三方面的科学问题:(1)地球多圈层相互作用对关键金属元素富集的控制作用;(2)关键金属元素富集机制与成矿规律;(3)关键金属元素赋存状态与分离技术。该文立足于国际关键矿产资源形势,提出了全面提升我国对关键矿产资源的管理、勘查、开发和综合利用水平及保障关键矿产资源安全的思考和建议。     

Water use at Luxor,Egypt: consumption analysis and future demand forecasting

Water resources in Egypt are becoming scarce and the demand for clean drinking water supply is one of the most important priorities of the Egyptian government in recent years. Analyzing water use and future demand forecasting is a primitive clue for water demand management. Water in Luxor is used for agricultural, residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic purposes. The results of water use analysis indicated that for the time period from 1983 to 2012, agriculture is the highest consumer of water which reached about 94.76–97.38 % followed by residential water consumption (1.90–3.05 %), institutional water consumption (0.71–1.75 %), and touristic water consumption (0.02–0.43 %), respectively. The future demand forecasting results revealed that the present situation may continue to rise in the next 50 years which will increase the water demand with a water deficit ranging between 15 and 114 MCM/year. To fill the gap between the present water consumption and future residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic water demand, additional municipal facilities, and improvement and management of water supply/demand are needed. To cope with the predicted future water demand, it is recommended to improve the on-farm irrigation, reduce the demand for irrigation water, rationalize the irrigation water use, and enhance the integrated role of water users in integrated water resources management.     

我国黄金珠宝首饰典当行业的现状及其影响因素分析

我国传统典当行业从20世纪80年代末期开始复苏,黄金珠宝首饰的民品典当业务开始成为典当的主体。随着经济的发展和社会环境的不断变化,这种状况在21世纪后发生了明显的改变,房地产、汽车典当业务占据了我国典当业务的半壁江山。从国家新兴产业发展、典当产业政策、业务风险差异、客户群体变化等方面对当前影响我国黄金珠宝首饰典当业务发展的因素进行了分析。分析认为,国家经济发展格局、政策环境和典当业需求的变化,是最近十年黄金珠宝首饰失去典当业务主体地位的关键原因。未来要恢复黄金珠宝首饰在典当业务的主体地位还存在一定的困难,但作为传统民品典当的重要组成部分,黄金珠宝首饰典当业务不会失去其重要性。只要国家在黄金珠宝首饰绝当品流通方面给予相关的政策和便利,典当行业合理配置黄金珠宝鉴定科技人才,黄金珠宝首饰典当业务在未来仍有较大的拓展空间。     

中国铂族金属矿床找矿方向初探

根据 2 0世纪 90年代铂族金属矿床勘查的新发现 ,提出铂族金属矿床成因分类 ,探讨中国铂族金属找矿方向 ,提出“以绿找铂”、“以黄找铂”和“以黑找铂”的找矿原则 ,即在蛇绿混杂岩或基性—超基性岩分布区寻找基性—超基性岩浆岩型、岩浆热液型铂族金属矿以及与之有关的砂铂矿床 ,在金矿田中寻找伴生铂族金属矿床 ,在黑色页岩分布区寻找黑色页岩型铂族金属矿床。     

Development and Utilization of the World’s and China’s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world’s and China’s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world’s and China’s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources(especially iron ores and copper ores) are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserveproduction ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world’s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015–2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4–0.7 billion tons(Gt), 5.0–6.0 million tons(Mt), 1.1–8.9 Mt, 1.0–2.0 Mt, 1.2–2.0 Mt and 4.8–5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China’s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores(crude steel), potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores(crude steel) will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite(primary aluminum), 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China’s demand for iron ores(crude steel), bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world’s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015–2035, China’s accumulative demand for iron ores(crude steel) will be 20.313 Gt(13.429 Gt), 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt(0.616 Gt) of bauxite(primary aluminum), 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world’s YOY(YOY) accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China’s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary(mine) mineral products in 2015–2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper,1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of(mine) lead, 0.109 Gt of(mine) zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world’s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000–2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China’s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015–2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015–2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap(iron ores) is 3.27 Gt(5.08 Gt), 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China’s bulk mineral resources in 2015–2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China’s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%,-0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly.(1) The demand peak of China’s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015–2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak.(2) The supply-demand contradiction of China’s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities.(3) China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of "reducing excess production capacity".(4) In accordance with the national strategic deployment of "One Belt One Road", China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly.(5) It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling.(6) China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.     

中国的用水何时达到顶峰

从中国实际用水增长业已放慢的趋势、已经开始启动的供水价格的大幅上升趋势和水价与用水的关系、经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变(高耗水行业已经接近顶峰)和用水与产业结构的关系、日益严格的环境立法和执法对用水的影响、中国水资源本身的限制等5个方面,分析中国的用水变化趋势,提出中国的农业用水量、工业用水量和总用水量目前均已接近顶峰,可望在10年内达到顶峰,最大用水量不大可能超过6500×108m3。     

Recent Development in Simultaneous Multi-Element Determination of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold in Geological and Environmental Samples

In recent years, the modern methods of multi-element analysis of precious metals have attracted wide attention in scientific research and industry. The application and development in the decomposition of samples, separation and enrichment, and modern instrumental analysis of the platinum-group elements (PGEs) and gold in geological and environmental samples have been reviewed. Finally, the tendency of analysis of precious metals is also prospected.     

后疫情时代全球石油供需格局研究

2017年以来,全球石油消费持续疲软,消费增速呈逐渐下降的趋势,新冠肺炎疫情对石油需求的打击更是"雪上加霜".本文回顾了疫情发生以来国际原油价格及大型油气公司股票价格的走势,探讨了疫情对全球石油需求和供应市场的影响,研判了短期及中长期全球石油供需格局,得出了三点结论:(1)疫情对全球石油需求产生重大冲击,预计2020年全球石油需求较2019年将下降5％,未来随着全球经济逐步恢复,全球石油消费将缓慢回升,预计到2030年全球石油消费将达到峰值48.7亿t;(2)未来3～5年,全球石油产量将大于需求量,全球石油市场供大于求的局面仍将持续;(3)中长期来看,若国际原油价格持续在低价位震荡,将会造成上游勘探开发投入不足,英国、俄罗斯及亚洲等国家的部分老油田产量将持续下滑,全球石油市场将趋紧.