碰撞带热结构与碰撞成矿系统

造山带热结构对大陆碰撞带的形态大小、构造式样、岩浆活动和变质作用具有重要控制作用。然而,热结构对碰撞成矿作用的控制还不清楚。本文概述比利牛斯、阿尔卑斯、加里东、扎格罗斯、青藏高原和华力西等全球主要碰撞带的热结构与成矿系统发育特征,对比各个造山带内不同矿床类型成矿温度变化,探讨热结构对碰撞成矿的控制作用。研究表明,碰撞带主要发育盆地流体有关的密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床、变质流体有关的造山型金矿床和岩浆热液有关矿床(斑岩铜矿床、云英岩型钨锡矿床和岩浆热液有关的铌钽锂铍矿床等)。其中,前两者在大多数碰撞带内均有发育,代表了大陆碰撞成矿作用的基本类型。这些矿床的成矿温度在热碰撞带比较高而在冷碰撞带则偏低。岩浆热液有关矿床一般只出现在比较热的碰撞带内,这些热碰撞带的温度压力条件有很大区域在湿固相线以内,热扰动能够造就地壳发生部分熔融形成含矿岩浆。     

特提斯成矿域中新世斑岩铜矿岩石成因、源区、构造演化及其成矿作用过程

作为全球三大成矿域之一,特提斯成矿域发育众多的世界级成矿带(矿床),例如,旁地德斯、萨汉德-巴兹曼、贾盖、玉龙、冈底斯成矿带等。为了进一步了解特提斯成矿域中新世斑岩铜矿的成因及成矿作用,本文对萨汉德-巴兹曼、贾盖和冈底斯铜矿带典型矿床的地质、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb数据进行对比分析,探讨含矿斑岩岩石成因、源区特征和构造环境,归纳其构造演化与其成矿作用过程。地球化学数据显示,这三个铜矿带中新世斑岩体总体显示钙碱性I型花岗岩的特征,具有埃达克岩亲和性。与冈底斯铜矿带相比较,萨汉德-巴兹曼铜矿带和贾盖铜矿带斑岩体显示出弧岩浆岩与埃达克岩过渡的地球化学特征,暗示其岩浆源区MORB质角闪榴辉岩或榴辉岩可能发生的较大程度的部分熔融。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素数据显示,这些含矿斑岩主要来源于受岩浆作用控制的壳幔混合物质,显示DUPAL异常。综合研究分析,认为这些含矿斑岩可能形成于岛弧造山带演化过程中,是洋壳俯冲消减和大陆碰撞过程中增厚下地壳部分熔融的结果。     

Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment

Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.     

Tectonic evolution,superimposed orogeny,and composite metallogenic system in China

Continental China is a mosaic of numerous tectonic blocks, which amalgamated from Neoarchean to Cenozoic broadly coeval with the cycles of global supercontinents such as Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangaea. By reviewing the long-lasting geological evolution in the different tectonic blocks, it reveals that more than two episodes of tectonic events, including accretionary and collisional orogeny, and dismantling, as well as mantle plume, occurred successively or simultaneously within a single tectonic belt. This is called superimposed orogeny in this study. Examples of the dominant types of superimposed orogeny in China include: (1) Cenozoic continental collision superimposed on Paleo- to Mesozoic accretionary orogeny in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts; (2) Reactivation of Paleozoic accretionary orogen in later Mesozoic oceanic subduction in the eastern part of Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun and Central Asian orogenic belts; (3) Mesozoic oceanic subduction under the paleo-suture in the South China Block; (4) Mesozoic demantling along the Paleo- and Neoproterozoic, and Paleozoic sutures in the eastern part of North China Craton; and (5) mantle plume rising through metasomatized lithospheric mantle or stagnant oceanic slab in the Emeishan large igneous province. A comprehensive review of the spatial-temporal distribution of ore deposits and their salient features shows that the superimposed orogeny has exerted significant control on metallogeny in China. The giant porphyry and skarnore deposits, as well as orogenic gold deposits were preferentially formed along previous tectonic suture, craton margin, and arc during later orogenesis due to the remobilization of previously enriched metals. Superimposed orogeny has reworked the lithospheric structure with concomitant granitoid-associated metallogeny. The mixing of magmas from juvenile lower crust, ancient lower crust, and middle crust, which tends to induce the different mineralization of Cu–Au, Mo, and Pb–Zn–W–Sn deposits respectively, was considered to generate a wide variety of combinations of metal species. The superimposed orogeny caused the overlapping of diverse genetic types of deposit formed in different tectonic periods in the same tectono-metallogenic belt. The stratiform ore deposit, including BIF, VMS, SEDEX, or sedimentary sulfide layers, formed from Neoarchean to Paleozoic, were modified by later mineralization, resulting in the enrichment of the various metal species and enhancement of ore resources. This study brings up the concept of composite metallogenic system to summarize the regional metallogeny driven by superimposed orogeny. The composite metallogenic system was dominantly characterized by the multi-episodic and diverse mineralization concomitant with one or more features, including mineralization evolved from the previous metal enrichment, later overlapping or modification on previous ore belt, and diversifying of metal species derived from reworked lithosphere.     

复合造山和复合成矿系统:三江特提斯例析

提出复合造山定义,认为复合造山指多期次造山以及其它类型壳幔过程(裂谷作用、地幔柱活动、克拉通减薄等)在同一构造带先后发生或者多类型过程同时同位发生的地质事件;复合造山是大洋闭合-大陆拼贴过程的必然演化结果、地质历史时期普遍存在的地质过程,其具有不同属性板块拼接、多条蛇绿岩套与岛弧带并列、构造格架继承与改造、物质活化与循环运动以及构造体制转换突出等特征;复合造山带成矿时代长,类型多样,金属富集强度大,大型矿集区集中。复合成矿系统指在特定时-空域中,不同时期多种成矿作用或者同一时期不同成矿作用复合形成的成矿系统。复合成矿表现为成矿物质继承改造或成矿作用融合交叉,导致成矿元素多幕式富集,成矿空间广,成矿强度大,成矿概率增加。复合成矿系统分为多期复合和同期复合两类。复合造山驱动了复合成矿系统的形成,其是中国区域成矿典型特色。复合造山和复合成矿系统在特提斯构造带最为典型,中国西南三江造山带是典型解剖区。构建了古生代与中生代原-古-中-新特提斯洋闭合引发的增生造山和新生代印度-欧亚大陆汇聚导致的碰撞造山过程,厘定了增生造山海底喷流型Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag、增生-碰撞造山岩浆热液型CuMo-Sn-W、碰撞造山盆地卤水-岩浆热液型Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu和碰撞造山斑岩-矽卡岩型Au-Cu-Mo四类典型复合成矿系统。     

Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces,deposit types and tectonic framework

We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny.     

中国陆壳演化、多块体拼合造山与特色成矿的关系

矿产资源的种类、时空分布、形成演化与成岩作用和大地构造格局密切相关。中国地质构造复杂,成矿条件多样(发育裂谷成矿、碰撞成矿、地幔柱成矿、低温成矿等特色成矿系统),矿床类型比较齐全,如大宗矿产(铁、铝、铜、钾盐)短缺,小宗矿产中盛产稀土元素(REE)、钨、锡、钼矿。中国早前寒武纪矿床相对较少,燕山期成矿集中爆发。这种矿产资源分布格局与中国大陆地壳的性质与演化、多块体拼合造山格局之间的内在联系尚待深入揭示。本文基于对中国陆壳演化、陆块与造山带组成格局和多块体拼合造山的系统分析总结,试图阐明中国成矿特色与其内在联系,从陆壳形成与造山带演化的宏观视角来研究中国大陆成矿特色、成矿物质时空分布规律,其特色包括:(1)中国陆壳的地台区与造山带区质量比约3∶7(全球陆壳地台区占69.6%),太古界面积小且支离破碎,地壳固化时间晚且运动频繁强烈,因此难以形成巨型条带状铁建造(BIF)富铁矿床、太古代火山岩块状硫化物型(VMS)铜锌矿带和元古代内克拉通裂谷有关的扎伊尔-赞比亚巨型铜矿。(2)环绕中朝-塔里木和扬子板块的增生造山带由老到新依次形成,并镶接于古板块边缘,使中国大陆逐渐增生扩展,导致火山岩型、与岩浆岩类和沉积岩系有关的大型矿床空间上向板块边缘推移,时间上越来越新,地壳演化成矿作用和矿床类型越来越多样化。(3)中亚成矿域以古生代多陆块拼合造山、中新生代陆内造山与山盆体系构成独特的地质构造格局。既发育增生造山阶段的弧环境相关矿床(蛇绿岩型铬铁矿、斑岩铜矿、VMS),也发育与碰撞造山有关的矿床(造山型金矿、石棉、滑石、白云母)、地幔柱叠置造山带背景下的岩浆铜镍矿和后碰撞陆内岩石圈伸展相关的大陆环境矿床(斑岩钼矿、热液金矿、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿)。(4)青藏高原(特提斯成矿域)系特提斯洋长期增生演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的产物。其成矿条件优越,具有多期成矿作用、多矿种和多类型的复合成矿系统特点。形成了蛇绿岩套型铬铁矿、密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿和独具特色的碰撞环境超大型斑岩铜钼矿。(5)我国东部环太平洋成矿域,伴随晚中生代克拉通性质的根本转变及岩石圈明显的减薄过程与破坏,在华北克拉通周缘发生大规模的岩浆活动和强烈的金、铜、钼和轻稀土等成矿作用。不同时期的造山带干涉叠加使得南岭地区盛产花岗岩有关的钨、锡、钼矿,具有叠加改造成矿、大器晚成的鲜明成矿特色。由于中国成矿特色与大陆地壳演化密切相关,中国的找矿勘探部署必须立足于中国大陆演化与多块体拼合造山的基本地质事实,方能取得好的勘查效果。中国大陆小陆块拼合造山成矿还存在诸多未解之谜,文末提出了当前成矿学面临的一系列科学问题,对于今后我国找矿战略选区具有借鉴意义。     

伊朗扎格罗斯造山带构造演化与成矿

扎格罗斯造山带是特提斯构造域的重要组成,其内赋存有世界级规模的金属矿产资源。本文综述了扎格罗斯造山带构造格架、物质组成、矿床分布及特征,讨论了该区构造演化与成矿。扎格罗斯造山带由南至北由扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带(ZFTB)、萨南达杰-锡尔詹岩浆变质带(SSZ)、乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带(UDMA)和伊朗中部地块四个构造单元组成。新元古代—早寒武世时,萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,受始特提斯洋盆俯冲影响,边缘发育大陆岩浆弧。晚石炭世—二叠纪萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块与冈瓦纳大陆裂解,新特提斯洋盆形成。三叠纪伊朗中部地块与北侧的欧亚大陆汇聚,古特提斯洋盆闭合。侏罗纪—白垩纪新特提斯洋盆向北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带俯冲,形成弧岩浆岩及弧后盆地,其中弧前蛇绿岩中发育铬铁矿床,弧后盆地双峰式火山岩中产有块状硫化物矿床,碳酸盐岩内发育梅迪阿巴德密西西比河谷型超大型铅锌矿床。白垩纪末—新生代初洋壳向萨南达杰-锡尔詹带仰冲,含铬铁矿的蛇绿岩就位。始新世末—渐新世新特提斯洋闭合,南侧的阿拉伯板块与北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和中伊朗地块所在的欧亚大陆碰撞,在阿拉伯板块前缘形成扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带,在欧亚大陆南缘形成乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带。伴随碰撞,在萨南达杰-锡尔詹带的碳酸盐岩中形成类密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床,中中新世以来扎格罗斯地区进入后碰撞阶段,在乌尔米耶-达克塔尔带内发育了包括萨尔切实梅和松贡超大型矿床在内的众多斑岩型铜矿床。     

中国西北地区中亚型造山—成矿作用的研究意义和进展

地处欧亚大陆核心的中亚型造山带,由多条古生代缝合带与多个前寒武纪小陆块镶嵌,基此 形成 中新生代盆地—山脉耦合的构造格局,并具有独特的构造演化史和动力学机制。中亚型造山 作用造就了丰富的矿产资源,矿床类型多样,超大型矿床汇聚,是解决我国21世纪矿产资源 问题的关键地带。但目 前尚未查明其成矿规律、成矿机制和找矿方向,因而急需研究。     

斑岩铜-钼-金矿床：构造环境、成矿作用与控制因素

斑岩型矿床作为全球Cu、Mo、Au、Re等战略性矿产的主要来源，是国际矿床学界和矿业界长期关注的热点。最新研究表明，斑岩矿床既可以产于俯冲带岩浆弧环境，也可以产于与俯冲无关的非弧环境（主要包括碰撞造山环境、陆内造山环境以及活化克拉通边缘及内部），后者发育于中国大陆。文章在总结全球斑岩矿床时空分布规律的基础上，重点从成矿斑岩成因与成矿动力学机制、成矿金属来源、蚀变-矿化分带等方面，综述了2类斑岩矿床的研究进展，阐释并总结了控制斑岩成矿的主要因素与机制，以及相关研究方法。研究表明，全球斑岩矿床集中产于3大成矿域，形成时代以中、新生代为主。其中，环太平洋成矿域斑岩矿床时空分布不均，集中发育于美洲西海岸，主要形成于白垩纪以来较年轻的几个短暂时期；古亚洲洋成矿域斑岩矿床形成时间跨度于奥陶纪—早白垩世，具有“西Cu-Au东Cu-Mo、早Cu-Au晚Cu-Mo”的成矿特征；特提斯成矿域主要发育三叠纪以来的斑岩矿床，主体沿造山带分布，时间分布不均，同一构造带内发育不同时期的斑岩成矿作用；中国斑岩矿床与3大成矿域既显示出对应性，也有独特性和复杂性。弧环境成矿岩浆、金属Cu(Au)主要来源于交代地幔楔，大...     

西南三江锌铅银铜锑金成矿带成矿特征及资源潜力

西南三江成矿带是我国重要有色金属和贵金属多金属成矿带之一,锌铅银铜锑金等多金属矿产资源十分丰富。本文从西南三江成矿带范围、成矿地质条件、主攻矿种、矿床类型和矿产资源潜力等方面概述了西南三江成矿带的成矿特征及资源潜力。西南三江成矿带地处特提斯—喜马拉雅构造域的东部,是欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞结合带,大地构造复杂,地层发育齐全,岩浆活动频繁,成矿地质条件优越。西南三江成矿带划分了与富碱性斑岩有关的金铜钼铅锌矿床成矿系列、与碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩系有关铅锌矿床成矿系列和与碰撞造山韧性剪切带有关的金镍铬矿床成矿系列等二十个矿床成矿系列,主攻矿种为锌、铅、铜、银、金和锑,发育有斑岩型、沉积-改造型和MVT型等多种矿床类型。兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿床和鹤庆北衙超大型金矿床是西南三江成矿带多期多类型叠加成矿的典型矿床,本文简要介绍了其矿床地质特征。根据全国矿产资源潜力评价项目最新成果,本文按预测深度汇总了西南三江成矿带锌、铅和铜等20种矿产的预测资源量,划分了青海多彩地区铜多金属、西藏夏日多—多霞松多铜钼、云南兰坪—云龙铅锌铜和云南鹤庆—祥云金多金属等24个成矿远景区,初步总结了其中13个重点远景区的主攻矿种、主攻矿床类型和资源潜力。     

中国西北部造山带中几个古生代俯冲增生楔的识别与确认

中国西北部涉及古亚洲和特提斯两大构造域,造山带结构复杂,成矿地质条件优越。为推进地质找矿突破行动计划,中国地质调查局在各成矿(造山)带部署了一批1∶5万、1∶25万区域地质调查与基础地质综合研究项目,取得了一批新发现、新进展,有效提升了对各成矿带成矿地质条件的认知程度,尤其是在阿尔泰南缘、南天山、南昆仑等地识别并确认出规模可观的、成矿作用优越的板块俯冲增生楔,是造山带中的增生造山亚带,是寻找斑岩型铜、构造蚀变岩型金及多金属矿的最有利区带。“增生造山带”的构造、岩浆活动及空间展布等的确认,为地质找矿突破提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用

三江特提斯构造带作为全球特提斯构造在中国大陆最典型的发育地区,经历了复杂而完整的演化历史:从晚前寒武纪—早古生代泛大陆解体与原特提斯洋形成,经古特提斯多岛弧盆系发育与古生代—中生代增生造山/盆山转换,到新生代印度-亚洲大陆碰撞与叠加改造,完好地记录了超级大陆裂解→增生→碰撞的完整演化历史和大陆动力学过程,可谓是中国大陆构造演化的典型缩影。复合造山和叠加转换导致了三江特提斯域复杂的成矿演化,主要表现为:①在构造转换阶段,于元古代刚性基底基础上发育大量叠加改造型矿床,具有独特的金属组合(Sn-Cu,Sn-Pb-Zn,Fe-Cu等);②火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床伴随特提斯岩石圈演化,连续发育于陆缘裂谷(Cu)→初始洋盆(Cu-Zn)→大洋岛弧(Cu-Zn-Pb)→弧间裂谷或弧后盆地(Pb-Zn-Ag)→弧-陆碰撞裂陷盆地(Cu-Pb-Zn)等阶段及诸环境;③特提斯阶段的岛弧型斑岩Cu矿被碰撞造山阶段的大陆型斑岩Cu矿所取代;④世界级规模的金属成矿带和巨型矿床,在新生代碰撞造山期爆发式产生。尽管已有的研究从整体上勾画出了三江特提斯域的基本构造特征和成矿面貌,但仍有许多重要问题尚未解决:①三江复合造山带构造叠加、...     

三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用研究进展

国家973规划项目"三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用"实施3年来,在成矿动力学背景、增生造山成矿系统、碰撞造山成矿系统、构造体制转换与复合叠加成矿作用、成矿预测理论和勘查技术集成等方面取得了重要进展。(1)厘定了原特提斯、古特提斯、新特提斯和陆陆碰撞等一系列重要的区域构造-岩浆事件及其动力学背景,提出存在较大规模的燕山期构造-岩浆-成矿事件。(2)划分了被动边缘盆地型、活动边缘多岛弧盆型和大洋盆地型3个VMS型Cu-Pb-Zn成矿子系统,确立了玉龙和格咱-香格里拉斑岩型Cu矿带印支期岩浆作用的贡献及俯冲岛弧构造环境。(3)沉积岩容矿Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床的形成贯穿于印-亚大陆碰撞的三个演化阶段,成矿年代由南向北逐渐变新;它包括2套子系统:脉状Cu成矿系统,与变质流体活动有关,成矿物质来自深部地壳和浅部沉积地层的混合;Pb-Zn(-Cu-Ag)成矿系统,与盆地流体活动有关,成矿物质主要来自沉积地层。(4)金沙江-哀牢山斑岩型Cu(Au)成矿系统形成于35Ma左右,受控于印-亚大陆碰撞导致的地壳增厚。(5)造山型Au成矿系统主要发育在哀牢山金矿带,三期金成矿作用发生于~62Ma、~35Ma和28Ma左右,分别受控于印-亚碰撞早期的强烈汇聚挤压、早-晚期转换构造动力学体制。(6)区域存在3期重要构造体制转换事件:增生造山→碰撞造山、主碰撞→晚碰撞和晚碰撞→后碰撞,前两者控制区域斑岩铜矿带、沉积岩容矿多金属矿带和造山型金矿带,后者控制了沱沱河盆地中的Pb-Zn矿床。(7)最典型的叠加成矿系统为VMS 型Cu-Pb-Zn与斑岩型Cu叠加成矿系统,主要发育于羊拉-红山-普朗-铜厂沟矿集区、云县-景谷、江达-维西和昌宁-孟连成矿带。(8)探索成矿预测理论与方法,并选择羊拉-红山-普朗-铜厂沟矿集区为重点地区,开展隐伏矿体预测工作,取得找矿进展。本专辑论文基本覆盖了上述各个方面的研究进展,论文涉及4个主题:成矿动力学背景、增生造山成矿系统、碰撞造山成矿系统、构造体制转换与复合叠加成矿作用。     

西北地区重要金属矿产成矿特征及其找矿潜力

西北地区主要金属矿产种类繁多,大中型金属矿床309处。其地处大陆腹地,以塔里木陆块为主体,东接华北地台西段的阿拉善地块,南、北分别由众多微陆块镶嵌的显生宙造山系构成。北造山系以天山-兴安岭华力西造山系的西段为主体,向北接有阿尔泰-额尔古纳加里东造山系,间有准噶尔、伊犁等微地块。南造山系则自北向南依次由秦祁昆中央造山系中西段、松潘甘孜造山系等组成,间有中祁连、柴达木等微地块。构造复杂,是典型的陆内造山带发育地区。总体上处于古亚洲造山区,南接特提斯造山区,东叠环太平洋造山区。西北地区以元古宙-古生代金属成矿为显著特色。岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床、块状硫化物铜多金属矿床、海底喷流(气)型铅锌矿床、斑岩型铜钼矿床、矽卡岩型钨矿床及热液蚀变岩型金属矿床是主要的成矿类型。依据时空统一、区域地质构造和成矿演化,结合成矿理论分析,西北地区成矿单元划分主要处于3个成矿域:自北而南古亚洲成矿域、秦祁昆中央成矿域和特提斯成矿域。古亚洲成矿域主要由阿尔泰、西天山-西南天山、东天山、北山成矿带组成,夹持有准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地,以晚古生代内生矿床产出为特点。秦祁昆中央成矿域以自西而东主要有西昆仑-阿尔金、祁连山、东昆仑、秦岭成矿带构成,祁连山、东昆仑之间夹持有柴达木盆地,以元古宙、早古生代内生矿床成矿为显著特点。特提斯成矿域仅出露于青海的南部,三江成矿区的北段以中新生代成矿为特点。已有的矿产资源资料和最新地质大调查专项工作进展表明,在西北地区广大的找矿空间和良好的成矿条件基础上,需重新认识成矿地质背景,科学地确定主攻方向,以新发现的十余处具有大型-超大型金属矿床潜力的远景区为勘查重点,集中攻关,加强综合性研究,实现地质找矿重大突破。     

再论三江特提斯复合成矿系统

复合造山与复合成矿是中国区域构造演化与成矿的典型特色,其复杂的成矿物质来源、多变的构造驱动机制、丰富的成矿作用类型以及多期的活化改造过程一直是区域成矿理论研究的热点。西南三江特提斯造山带是中国复合造山的典型缩影,其经历了古生代与中生代原—古—中—新特提斯增生造山和新生代印度-欧亚大陆碰撞造山演化过程,具有复杂的复合造山演化时空格架。为系统阐释复合造山背景下的复合成矿作用,更科学地指导区域找矿勘查工作,本文在详细解析三江特提斯复合造山的基础上,依据成矿系统理论划分出与增生造山相关的原特提斯、古特提斯、中特提斯、新特提斯和与碰撞造山作用相关的挤压褶皱、拆沉伸展、挤压走滑、伸展旋扭等成矿系统;发现复合成矿作用显著,并识别出四类5个主要复合成矿系统,包括昌宁—孟连带增生-碰撞造山海底喷流(VMS)型Pb-Zn-Cu+岩浆热液型 Mo-Cu、义敦岛弧和腾冲—保山地块增生+碰撞造山岩浆热液型 Cu-Mo-Sn-W、兰坪盆地碰撞造山盆地卤水(MVT)型Pb-Zn+岩浆热液型 Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag 和扬子西缘碰撞造山富碱斑岩Au-Cu-Mo+造山型Au;详细解剖各复合成矿系统组成要素和形成机理,据此凝练出复合成矿系统理论,即指复合造山构造转换时空域中不同时期多种成矿作用或者同一时期不同成矿作用复合形成的地质系统;提出构造转换复合于早期岛弧带或者裂谷带是形成复合成矿系统的主要机制。     

柴达木周缘金属矿床成因类型、成矿规律与成矿系列

位处青藏高原东北部、古亚洲构造域与特提斯构造域结合部位的柴达木盆地周缘地区,是一个具有复杂构造演化历史的多旋回复合造山区.同时,该区也是我国重要的、极富潜力的金属成矿带.在综合分析以往多年工作成果基础之上,较系统总结研究了区域成矿地质构造背景、区域构造演化、主要矿床类型、区域成矿规律与成矿系列.结果表明:该区地质构造演化主要经历了前寒武纪古陆形成、早古生代造山、晚古生代—早中生代造山和中新生代叠复造山等4个构造旋回.其中,早古生代和晚古生代—早中生代构造旋回与区内金属成矿关系密切;总结出6个主要矿床成因类型,分属于拉伸裂解构造背景的喷气-沉积矿床组合(包括VMS型、SEDEX型)和与造山过程有关的造山矿床组合(包括斑岩型、矽卡岩型、热液脉型、造山带型金矿等);该区成矿作用具有多期、多矿种和多类型的特点,初步总结划分出5个金属矿床成矿系列,即与新元古代—寒武纪裂解有关的铜多金属矿床成矿系列、与奥陶—志留纪裂解有关的铜钴铅锌多金属矿床成矿系列、与晚加里东陆-陆碰撞有关的金多金属矿床成矿系列、与晚古生代裂解有关的铜多金属矿床成矿系列、与晚华力西—印支期造山有关的铁铜铅锌金多金属矿床成矿系列.     

原特提斯洋的俯冲、增生及闭合:阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘造山系早古生代增生/碰撞造山作用

分布在青藏高原北缘的阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘早古生代造山系被认为是原特提斯构造域最北部的构造拼合体。与其北侧具有长期增生历史的中亚造山系相比,特提斯造山拼合体被认为是各种来自冈瓦纳大陆北部大陆块体相互碰撞的产物。然而,与典型的阿尔卑斯和喜马拉雅碰撞造山带相比,阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘早古生代造山系包括有大量蛇绿岩、弧岩浆杂岩、俯冲-增生杂岩等,因此一些学者认为青藏高原北部的早古生代造山系为沿塔里木和华北克拉通边界向南逐渐增生的增生型造山带。但是,增生造山模式又很难解释南阿尔金-柴北缘地区普遍存在的与大陆俯冲有关的UHP变质岩、广泛分布的巴罗式变质作用和相关的岩浆作用,以及与碰撞造山有关的变形构造等。在本文中,通过对已有研究资料的综合总结,结合一些新的研究资料,我们提出在青藏高原东北缘的阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘造山系中,早古生代时期存在两种不同类型的造山作用,即增生和碰撞造山作用,其主要标志是北祁连-北阿尔金的HP/LT变质带、蛇绿混杂岩及与洋壳俯冲有关的构造岩浆作用,以及分布在柴北缘-南阿尔金与大陆俯冲和陆陆碰撞有关的UHP变质带、区域巴罗式变质作用、深熔作用、相关的岩浆活动及伸展垮塌作用等,并建立了一个反映原特提斯洋俯冲、增生、闭合及碰撞造山作用的构造模式。     

Intrusion–Related Vein Gold Deposits: Types, Tectono-Magmatic Settings and Difficulties of Distinction from Orogenic Gold Deposits

Abstract: A spectrum of intrusion-related vein gold deposits is recognized. Representative examples are described of the following geochemical associations: Au-Fe oxide–Cu, Au–Cu–Mo–Zn, Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu, Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu and Au–As–Bi–Sb. The associated intrusions range from small outcropping stocks to complex batholiths. The different vein associations are believed to reflect the compositions of related intrusions, which themselves characterize distinct tectonic settings. The Au-Fe oxide–Cu and Au–Cu–Mo–Zn associations belong to two broad groups of deposits, Fe oxide–Cu–Au and porphyry Cu–Au, both of which are related to highly oxidized calc-alkaline intrusions emplaced in sub–duction–related arcs. The Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu association seems to be linked to somewhat less oxidized intrusions emplaced in a similar setting. The Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu association, which possesses well-known epithermal counterparts, is also found with highly oxidized intrusions, but of alkaline composition and back-arc location. In contrast, the Au–As–Bi–Sb association, part of a newly recognized class of intrusion-hosted Au–Bi–W–As deposits, is related to relatively reduced intrusions, spanning the boundary between the magnetite– and ilmenite–series. Such intrusions, which may host major bulk-mineable gold deposits, were emplaced along the landward sides of arcs, possibly during lulls in subduction, as well as in continental collision settings. Therefore, a variety of geological environments is prospective for vein and, by extrapolation, other styles of gold mineralization, not all of them fully appreciated in the past. Several features of vein gold deposits, including imprecise relationships to individual intrusive phases, poorly developed mineral and metal zoning, apparent time gaps between intrusion and mineralization and presence of low–salinity, CO₂–rich fluid inclusions, are commonly taken to indicate a non-igneous origin and to be more typical of orogenic (mesothermal) gold deposits generated during accretionary tectonic events. However, several or all of these features apply equally to some intrusion– related vein gold deposits and, therefore, do not constitute distinguishing criteria. The currently popular assignment of most gold-rich veins to the orogenic category requires caution, because of the geological convergence that they show with some intrusion-related deposits. A proper distinction between intrusion-related and orogenic gold deposits is crucial for exploration planning.     

Sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in the Tethyan domain from China to Iran: Characteristics,tectonic setting,and ore controls

The Tethyan domain from China to Iran hosts many important sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits but most have been poorly documented. This study summarizes the salient features of these deposits and discusses the type of ore, tectonic setting, and important ore controls, on the basis of new geological observations and previous publications. The Tethyan domain is characterized by the young and extensive Himalayan–Tibetan and Zagros orogens that formed through collisions between the India/Arabia and Eurasia continents since the Late Cretaceous or early Cenozoic. Abundant Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and subordinate clastic-dominated (CD, also known as SEDEX) Pb–Zn deposits occur in this domain, including in central and eastern Himalayan–Tibetan orogen in China, the Indian passive margin in southern Pakistan, and various tectonic units of Iran. Economically important deposits contain 0.1–21 Mt Pb + Zn and have total metal resources of ∼75 Mt with ∼48% being oxidized ores. All major deposits known in this domain are MVTs (i.e., the Jinding, Huoshaoyun, Mehdiabad, and Angouran deposits).Mississippi Valley-type Pb–Zn deposits occur in continental-collision-related fold-and-thrust belts and forelands, where deposits are mostly located on the margin of the Eurasian continent, with some in the Indian and Arabian continental margins. Clastic-dominated Pb–Zn deposits occur in central Iran and southern Pakistan, hosted by deep-water siliciclastic sequences of the early Cambrian rifted continental margin of Gondwana and the Jurassic passive continental margin of India, respectively. The youngest mineralized rocks and ages constrain that some important MVT deposits (e.g., the Jinding, Chaqupacha, and Angouran deposits) were formed after a main phase of regional compression, during a regional, large-scale strike-slip or crustal-extension stage in a continental collision setting. In sense of lithologic structure, important ore controls for MVT deposits include evaporite diapir structure, carbonate/evaporite dissolution–collapse structure, pre-existing barite, and porous dolostone. Much of the primary sulfide ore in this domain has been oxidized by supergene processes. This is particularly pronounced in the newly discovered Huoshaoyun deposit, where almost all sulfides have been oxidized to smithsonite and cerussite. An understanding of tectonic setting, ore controls, and supergene processes is essential in exploring for MVT deposits in this domain.