油气二次运移研究进展述评

油气运移,尤其油气的二次运移是石油地质学研究的重要内容,同时也是一个薄弱环节.20世纪90年代以来,油气二次运移研究所取得的主要进展是:①对油气二次运移机理的认识有了很大提高;②油气二次运聚模拟实验设计更加科学,实验结果更为可信;③油气二次运聚数值模拟水平有了长足进步.深入的综合研究和油气运移聚集的三维可视化模拟是今后的研究方向.     

油气二次运移研究进展述评

油气运移,尤其油气的二次运移是石油地质学研究的重要内容,同时也是一个薄弱环节。20世纪90年代以来,油气二次运移研究所取得的主要进展是:①对油气二次运移机理的认识有了很大提高;②油气二次运聚模拟实验设计更加科学,实验结果更为可信;③油气二次运聚数值模拟水平有了长足进步。深入的综合研究和油气运移聚集的三维可视化模拟是今后的研究方向。     

油气运移聚集定量化模拟

动态再现油气运移聚集过程的难点在于运移聚集模型的建立.传统的基于达西定律的油气运聚模拟有其局限性, 而采用流线模拟模型, 基于浮力驱动, 跟踪计算油气运移轨迹流线, 并将关于油气运聚的一些公认的地质模型转化成定量化的数学模型, 体现在模拟中, 实现了油气在非均匀介质中的充注动态过程模拟.基于此模拟结果, 可进行区带资源评价, 同时为地质家解释油气运移主通道提供一个可视化的直观的分析工具.实际模拟计算表明, 该定量化模型合理可靠, 能够满足实际地质分析需要.      

库车坳陷的油气运移全定量模拟

为了给库车坳陷的油气勘探提供定量依据, 使用盆地模拟软件BASIMS对该坳陷的地史、热史、成岩史、生烃史、排烃史及运聚史进行了全定量模拟.其中油气初次运移的模拟使用简易而实用的方法, 即: 对于油气初次运移, 采用沉积压实渗流法求排油、物质平衡法求排气; 对于油气二次运移, 采用基于浮力驱动及达西定律的拟三维运聚模型.除了讨论这些数值方法的敏感性参数(参数敏感性与风险分析、排烃分配因子、断层及不整合面的渗透率、油气储集单元的确定) 外, 给出了排烃史和运聚史的模拟结果, 其聚集量的模拟结果不仅在数量上而且在位置上与实际情况符合, 尤其是预测出的几个有利勘探目标后来被勘探结果所证实      

油气运聚过程的综合分析模拟

基于对油气运移机理现有认识的综合研究,提出了油气运聚模拟的地质概念模型和充分考虑地质综合研究并可人工干预的综合分析模拟.大尺度地质概念模型是以含油气系统为单位的三维面状模型,而小尺度模型则是以油气运聚单元为单位的、由一个或多个三维面以及断层组合而成的网络状格架模型.油气运聚过程的综合分析模拟应在层序地层格架内以含油气系统(或油气运聚单元)为单位建立初始地质模型,应用古构造恢复、古流体势恢复、油气运秽路径模拟、优势运移通道分析、模拟结果综合评价等技术,依据层序地层格架所提供的精确时间间隔单元进行三维的、动态的模拟.模拟的相关技术和方法可在信息集成平台的基础上,基于一系列空间数据处理方法开发实现.     

东营凹陷牛庄—王家岗区块输导层油气运移初值三维重建方法与应用

输导层油气运移初值的三维重建是衔接排烃史三维模拟和人工智能运聚模拟的模块,是为了解决在排烃史三维模拟之后油气从烃源岩层运移至输导层的路径和数量,同时为人工智能运聚模拟做输烃量的预分配。该方法对于模拟自生自储油气藏和透镜体油气藏具有特别的优势,同时,所提出的方法综合考虑了岩相变化、断层和流体势对油气运移初值三维重建的影响,即通过流体势差值、岩性和断层性质判断油气的运移方向,并根据流体势差值所占比例、岩性和断层性质的差异来分配油气输导的比值。应用该方法在地质体的三维角点网格模型的基础上,对东营凹陷牛庄-王家岗区块进行了输导层油气运移初值的三维重建并获得了较好的模拟结果。模拟结果显示该区块从沙四上亚段沉积末至现今有14.0%的油滞留在烃源岩中,运移出来的油中有98.4%的油向上运移至输导层,0.065%的油向下运移至输导层,1.535%的油侧向运移至输导层。     

百色盆地油气运聚特征分析

根据油源对比、原油特征及其在纵横向上的分布特点、地层压力和流体包裹体等资料，综合利用各项油气运移特征参数，对油气二次运移特征进行分析，总结油气聚集规律，对油气运聚的有利区带进行预测。     

伊通盆地岔路河断陷油气二次运移模拟

以伊通盆地岔路河断陷含油气系统研究为基础,应用二维(2D)盆地模拟方法,对伊通盆地岔路河断陷内主要生储组合E₂s(油源)-E₂s(储层)的油气二次运移演化历史进行了模拟恢复;并依据区内油气汇聚区带的平面分布特征划分油气运聚单元,基于此对各运聚单元内的烃源条件、输导体系、保存条件等油气成藏条件进行综合对比.研究表明:(1)岔路河断陷含油气系统要素配置关系良好,且发育3期油气成藏,E₂s-E₂s(!)为已证实的最重要的含油气系统;(2)岔路河断陷势能场分布控制了同期油气二次运移方向和强度,区内主成藏期油气二次运移范围广、强度(流线密度)大,有利运移指向区主要集中于西北缘盆缘断裂附近和东部的万昌、梁家构造带之内的油气低势区;(3)岔路河断陷可划分为4个油气运聚单元(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),运聚单元Ⅱ的成藏条件最为优越,而运聚单元Ⅰ内的万昌构造带围斜地区亦可作为本区有利勘探区带.      

应力场数值模拟与油藏有利区预测-以松辽盆地乾安地区归字井青三段为例

构造应力场在油气运聚成藏中具有重要的作用。明水组沉积末期是松辽盆地乾安地区高台子油层的一个主要成藏期, 期间烃源岩的生、排烃高峰与大规模油气运聚和圈闭的形成在时间上具良好的匹配关系。利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件, 对归字井地区明水组沉积末期构造应力场进行了初步模拟; 同时利用地应力驱动油气运移理论, 对运移势场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明, 最大主应力受岩性控制明显, 而最小主应力主要受埋深控制。已有的试油试气资料表明, 具油气显示的井, 大部分都位于地应力区和地势区。依据地应力和运移势场的分布, 并结合地质构造特征, 对油藏有利区进行了预测, 为油田的勘探开发提供了科学依据。      

塔里木盆地轮南地区油气运移的路径、期次及方向研究

本文通过对塔里木盆地轮南地区及附近的钻井（出油井和未出油井）中揭示的裂缝，裂缝与成岩序列的穿插关系，连通砂体及断层和不整合面附近的矿物及矿物中流体包裹体研究，对塔里木盆地轮南地区油气运移路径和期次进行了探讨。通过研究指出了塔里木盆地轮南地区主要经历了3期大规模的油气运聚，地层之间的不整合面为油气横向运移的主要通道。高角度的裂隙及微裂缝为纵向运移主要通道。第一期油气运聚主要发生于海西期，第二期油气运聚主要发生在14－17Ma；第3期油气运聚主要发生在最近的5Ma以来。第一期油气运聚主要为自塔北隆起的西南，南向北，以横向运移为主；第二，第三期运聚主要自西南，南向北，自东向西运移，但主要以垂向运移为主。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the