贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。笔者采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246. 9±1. 1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

四川沐川地区中三叠统凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

中国西南地区中三叠世雷口坡组或关岭组下部及底部普遍发育多层凝灰岩。已有研究显示,早三叠世—中三叠世出现了生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏,划分中国中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线的标志化石还未寻找到,这些问题是否与火山活动有关,值得进一步研究。文章对四川沐川地区河口剖面中三叠统雷口坡组下部的凝灰岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究,获得中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线年龄为（242.5±1.2） Ma（MSWD=0.93,n=22）,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表（2020版）建议的安尼阶-拉丁阶界线年龄（242 Ma）较为吻合,证实沐川地区雷口坡组沉积时代为中三叠世安尼期和拉丁期。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出明显富K₂O、MgO,明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。多期次的火山活动可能是导致早三叠世—中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,安尼期-拉丁期交替时期发生的火山活动可能影响了生物的演化,故难以寻找到划分中国中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线的标志化石,加强对中三叠世火山活动的研究,对中国三叠系划分方案、中三叠世地层划分对比及探索三叠纪生物演化与复苏具有重要意义。     

黔西南下——中三叠统界线年龄

下—中三叠统界线年龄的精确测定是进行区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究中重要的组成部分。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统地层为奥仑尼克阶—安尼阶界线层型的理想候选剖面 ,其临界层位的玻屑凝灰岩为下—中三叠统界线的岩性标志。应用高精度高灵敏度的二次离子探针质谱对玻屑凝灰岩中的锆石进行 U- Pb年代学分析 ,结果为 2 39.0± 2 .9Ma(2σ)。这是首次直接从界线层位准确测定的下—中三叠统界线的锆石 U - Pb同位素年龄。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统界线剖面地层连续 ,牙形石分带清楚 ,临界层位发育区域上分布较为稳定的玻屑凝灰岩 ,是极好的区域等时标志层。这一剖面有望成为国际下—中三叠统界线层型剖面。     

贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组绿豆岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

针对贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组底部绿豆岩,利用LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年手段,明确贵州黔西县大寨地区早—中三叠世界线年龄。对贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组底部绿豆岩1件U-Pb年龄样品、 8件地球化学样品的测试分析,结果表明,锆石U-Pb加权年龄为248.6 Ma±2.7 Ma,谐和年龄为248.7 Ma±1.1 Ma;绿豆岩属于高硅(w_SiO2均值为62.40%)、铝(w_Al2O_3均值为14.61%)、钾(w_K2O均值为7.22%),低铁(w_Fe2O_3均值为0.94%,w_FeO均值为0.51%)、钛(w_TiO2均值为0.24%)的中酸性火山物质,具有稀土元素总量相对较低、相对富集轻稀土元素和轻重稀土元素分馏程度低的特征,负Eu异常显著,δEu=0.17～0.22。综合分析,该绿豆岩是由火山活动喷发的火山灰经风化、搬运、沉积改造而形成,为下三叠统嘉陵江组与中三叠统关岭组松子坎段界线岩性标志,同时为测区早—中三叠世界线年龄提供了准确的年代学证据。     

南盘江盆地北部中三叠统许满组二段浊积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代特征及地质意义

南盘江盆地中三叠世巨厚的复理石建造吸引了诸多地质学者,但对盆地内碎屑岩的物质来源问题仍存在分歧.为弄清盆地内碎屑岩系物源问题,此次选取南盘江盆地北部尾若地区中三叠统许满组2 段浊积岩为研究对象,利用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,探讨其主要物源方向.测试结果显示,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄存在239～340Ma、340～570 Ma、710～990 Ma、990～2300 Ma和2300～2600 Ma等5个年龄阶段,说明南盘江盆地中三叠统许满组碎屑物源复杂.利用碎屑锆石年龄与南盘江盆地周边可能性源区的锆石年龄组成对比,并结合区域性岩相古地理研究及区域构造演化史,认为南盘江盆地内巨厚浊积岩系物源主要来自盆地西南部的Song Ma 缝合带、哀牢山剪切带及盆地东南部包括钦防褶皱带在内的云开地块.     

黔西北及邻区安尼阶底界锆石U- Pb定年及对生物复苏的启示

我国西南地区广泛分布着中-下三叠统海相(包括盆地相、斜坡相及台地相)沉积地层和多层凝灰岩。通过采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法,对黔西地区沙窝剖面和彝良柳溪剖面中/下三叠统界线上凝灰岩首次进行了锆石微区同位素定年,分别获得界线年龄为247.2±2.4Ma (2σ, MSWD=0.85)和247.4±1.4Ma (2σ,MSWD=0.51),界定了"黔中隆起"及北部坳陷区中/下三叠统界线时限,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表(2018版)建议的奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线年龄247.2Ma以及贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩锆石TIMS年龄247.2±0.1Ma高度吻合。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出富集K_2O、MgO,具明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。幕式的火山活动可能是导致早-中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,而深化对三叠纪幕式岩浆活动的认识,为我国西南地区三叠纪地层划分对比、构造演化以及探索三叠纪生物复苏-辐射与生态系统协同演化等提供依据。     

国际三叠纪年代地层研究进展

简要概述了近年来国际三叠纪年代地层等方面所取得的一些重要进展:国际地层委员会三叠系分会已于上世纪90年代确定将三叠系划分为3统7阶,但至今仅确定了三叠系底界一个“金钉子”,安尼阶-拉丁阶界线层型有望在近期内被最后确认,而其他5条界线仍在加紧工作中;随着同位素测年技术和手段的不断改进,三叠纪一些重要的年代地层界线的地质年龄也在不断更新;亚阶虽然不是国际三叠系研究的重点,但亚阶的划分也是三叠纪年代地层研究的重要方面,尤其在下、中三叠统研究中已有较好的基础;以脊椎动物为基础的陆相三叠纪年代地层划分方案有待在推广应用中得以完善。全国地层委员会于2 0 0 0年提出了3统6阶的中国海相三叠系划分方案和3统7阶的中国陆相三叠系划分方案,为启动中国三叠纪年代地层学奠定了基础。     

渝北温泉镇地区三叠系“绿豆岩”特征及其地质意义

华南地区三叠系广泛分布蚀变火山灰(俗称“绿豆岩”)。对渝北温泉镇地区平洪村剖面与谢家槽剖面的“绿豆岩”进行矿物学、全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb测年及地球化学分析。X射线衍射分析表明,矿物组成均以石英和碱性长石为主,此外还含有伊利石、蒙脱石等黏土矿物。锆石岩相学、Th/U比值及锆石REE配分模式都显示典型的岩浆成因锆石特征,但样品和锆石的地球化学特征明显不同。锆石U-Pb测年结果揭示平洪村样品的形成年龄为(247.2±0.59) Ma(MSWD=2.3,n=30),与早、中三叠世的界线年龄(247.2 Ma)高度吻合,其锆石地球化学特征显示板内成因,推测是在峨眉山大火成岩省主要活动期之后板内火山活动过程中形成的。谢家槽剖面样品年龄为(225.9±1.4) Ma(MSWD=1.6,n=29),锆石地球化学特征显示岩浆弧成因,结合区域地质演化特征分析,特别是研究区北部(华北南缘)同时期火山灰的发现,认为谢家槽剖面“绿豆岩”很可能是勉略洋闭合过程中的产物。     

贵州南部地区安尼阶底界锆石SHRIMP年龄结果

中国西南地区中下三叠统广泛发育多层凝灰岩,贵州望谟甘河桥剖面安尼阶底界,即中/下三叠统界线位于火山凝灰岩之下0.5m处为国际上奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线层型牙形石划分标志Chiosella timorensis首现的位置。从火山凝灰岩分离出20颗岩浆成因锆石的SHRIMP年龄测定,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为247.6±1.7Ma(95% conf.)或±1.4(2σ)Ma,此结果与贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩用TIMS方法得出的247.2±0.1 Ma年龄有很好的一致性。望谟甘河桥剖面中下三叠统界线凝灰岩在华南地区大面积分布,本文的结果为区域地层对比和划分提供了新的年龄数据,同时为研究三叠纪初期生物复苏时限提供了新的年龄参考。     

四川盆地峨眉山雷口坡组底部黏土岩(绿豆岩)的年代学及地球化学特征

四川盆地峨眉山地区中三叠统雷口坡组底部发育了一层特殊的黏土岩(绿豆岩),为确定其形成时代和成因,对其进行了锆石U-Pb定年、X射线衍射分析及主、微量元素含量测试。结果表明,黏土岩(绿豆岩)的锆石U-Pb年龄为(247.6±1.1) Ma,代表了峨眉山地区雷口坡组底部黏土岩的形成年龄。镜下及X衍射特征表明黏土岩的主要矿物为伊利石,另含有少量方解石和石英。主、微量元素分析表明,黏土岩具有长英质火山岩的特征,可能与当时的华南酸性岩浆活动有成因联系。综合分析认为,该套黏土岩(绿豆岩)是由华南火山活动形成的中酸性火山物质漂移搬运至沉积盆地,在富K、Li等元素的盆地卤水作用下,经埋藏成岩作用而形成的。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998