贵州南部地区安尼阶底界锆石SHRIMP年龄结果

中国西南地区中下三叠统广泛发育多层凝灰岩,贵州望谟甘河桥剖面安尼阶底界,即中/下三叠统界线位于火山凝灰岩之下0.5m处为国际上奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线层型牙形石划分标志Chiosella timorensis首现的位置。从火山凝灰岩分离出20颗岩浆成因锆石的SHRIMP年龄测定,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为247.6±1.7Ma(95% conf.)或±1.4(2σ)Ma,此结果与贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩用TIMS方法得出的247.2±0.1 Ma年龄有很好的一致性。望谟甘河桥剖面中下三叠统界线凝灰岩在华南地区大面积分布,本文的结果为区域地层对比和划分提供了新的年龄数据,同时为研究三叠纪初期生物复苏时限提供了新的年龄参考。     

贵州南部地区中三叠统青岩阶底界附近牙形石生物地层学研究

下中三叠统界线的划分一直是国际地层学研究中一个有争议的问题。中国西南地区从台地相到盆地相不同类型下中三叠统地层均较发育，为奥仑尼克阶一安尼阶界线层型的研究提供了有利条件。根据贵州望谟甘河桥剖面和贵州省贵阳市青岩剖面牙形石的研究，可识别出6个可与国内外进行对比的牙形石带，自下而上分别为：①Neospathdus cristagcdli间隔带，②Neospathodus pakistanensis间隔带，③Neospathodus waageni?BC涓舸躈eospathodus homeri-N. triangularis组合带，⑤Chiosella timorensis间隔带，⑥Neogongdolella regale延限带。在贵阳青岩剖面和望谟甘河桥剖面，早中三叠世存在一个Neospathodus-Chiosella-Neogongdolella的牙形石演化系列。在这个演化序列中，在Neospathodus horneri-N. triangularis带上部出现Neospathodus homeri和Chiosella timorensis之间的过渡类型Neospathodus qingyanensis，表明在下中三叠统附近牙形石存在较好的演化关系。在贵阳青岩剖面，下一中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下1．5m处Chiosella timorensis带首现的位置，在望谟甘河桥剖面，下一中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下0．5m处Chiosella timorensis带首现的位置。依据上述情况，本文建议贵阳青岩剖面作为下一中三叠统界线层型候选剖面，望谟甘河桥剖面作为下一中三叠统界线层型的辅助剖面加以深入研究。     

四川沐川地区中三叠统凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

中国西南地区中三叠世雷口坡组或关岭组下部及底部普遍发育多层凝灰岩。已有研究显示,早三叠世—中三叠世出现了生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏,划分中国中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线的标志化石还未寻找到,这些问题是否与火山活动有关,值得进一步研究。文章对四川沐川地区河口剖面中三叠统雷口坡组下部的凝灰岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究,获得中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线年龄为（242.5±1.2） Ma（MSWD=0.93,n=22）,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表（2020版）建议的安尼阶-拉丁阶界线年龄（242 Ma）较为吻合,证实沐川地区雷口坡组沉积时代为中三叠世安尼期和拉丁期。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出明显富K₂O、MgO,明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。多期次的火山活动可能是导致早三叠世—中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,安尼期-拉丁期交替时期发生的火山活动可能影响了生物的演化,故难以寻找到划分中国中三叠统安尼阶-拉丁阶界线的标志化石,加强对中三叠世火山活动的研究,对中国三叠系划分方案、中三叠世地层划分对比及探索三叠纪生物演化与复苏具有重要意义。     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。本研究采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246.9±1.1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。笔者采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246. 9±1. 1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

黔西北及邻区安尼阶底界锆石U- Pb定年及对生物复苏的启示

我国西南地区广泛分布着中-下三叠统海相(包括盆地相、斜坡相及台地相)沉积地层和多层凝灰岩。通过采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法,对黔西地区沙窝剖面和彝良柳溪剖面中/下三叠统界线上凝灰岩首次进行了锆石微区同位素定年,分别获得界线年龄为247.2±2.4Ma (2σ, MSWD=0.85)和247.4±1.4Ma (2σ,MSWD=0.51),界定了"黔中隆起"及北部坳陷区中/下三叠统界线时限,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表(2018版)建议的奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线年龄247.2Ma以及贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩锆石TIMS年龄247.2±0.1Ma高度吻合。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出富集K_2O、MgO,具明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。幕式的火山活动可能是导致早-中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,而深化对三叠纪幕式岩浆活动的认识,为我国西南地区三叠纪地层划分对比、构造演化以及探索三叠纪生物复苏-辐射与生态系统协同演化等提供依据。     

四川盆地东部海相下—中三叠统界线的锶同位素年龄标定

中国西南地区海相下—中三叠统以火山碎屑岩为其直观界线,该年龄的标定可为区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究提供重要的下—中三叠统界线年龄参考值.基于此,本文测试了四川盆地东部华蓥山下—中三叠统界线火山碎屑岩附近的石膏和硬石膏样品87Sr/86Sr比值,以及相应的Si、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr以及SO42-的含量,根据锶同位素地层学的原理,尝试对下—中三叠统界线进行了年龄标定;同时评估了样品的成岩蚀变性、对海水信息的代表性以及年龄标定结果的可靠性.火山碎屑岩附近5个样品的87Sr/86Sr比值变化在0.708243~0.708391之间,标定的年龄值在240.5~242.5Ma的范围内,2个紧靠火山碎屑岩样品的年龄值在242Ma左右(分别为241.9Ma和242.5Ma),从而为华南地区以火山碎屑岩作为海相下—中三叠统界线的合理性提供了重要的化学地层学依据,也为全球下—中三叠统界线提供了一个新的年龄值.     

浙江长兴煤山二叠—三叠系界线年龄测定

本文报道了用高灵敏度高分辨率离子探针,测定的浙江长兴煤山二叠—三叠系临界层位,斑脱岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄,结果为351.3±3.4Ma(2σ)。这是国际上首次直接从界线层位准确测定的二叠—三叠系界线的同位素年龄。长兴煤山二叠—三叠系界线剖面是迄今所发现的地层剖面连续,所含化石门类众多,数量丰富,且在临界层位夹有火山岩层的少有剖面之一,它不仅对国际显生宙地质年表的研究具有重要意义,而且也具有作为二叠—三叠系界线层型剖面的优越条件。     

华南板块西南缘中三叠统底部火山灰来源 ——以右江盆地者堡敢南一带凝灰岩为例

华南板块西南缘中三叠统底部普遍发育凝灰岩夹层,但对火山灰的来源存在不同认识。位于华南板块西南缘的右江盆地在早—中三叠世为连续海相沉积,较为完整的火山沉积记录为探讨火山灰的来源提供了基础。本文以右江盆地者堡敢南一带早、中三叠世之交凝灰岩为研究对象,在剖面测制基础上,对含凝灰岩层段灰岩进行生物地层分析,划分为4个牙形石带,分别为Neospathodus pakistanensis间隔带;Neospathodus waageni—N.abruptus组合带;Neospathodus homeri—N.triangularis组合带以及Chiosella timorensis间隔带,由此确定第17层凝灰岩为中三叠统底界凝灰岩。凝灰岩岩石学、地球化学分析结果显示为流纹质玻屑凝灰岩,属于亚碱性系列。稀土配分曲线显示为右倾轻稀土富集,明显的负Eu异常。大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Rb、U、Th和Ba等)富集和高场强元素(HFSE)(Nb、Ta、P和Ti等)亏损,整体表现出与弧相关的地球化学特征。在生物地层、同位素年代学对凝灰岩形成时代进行精确限定的基础上,通过华南板块西南缘中三叠统底界凝灰岩的区域分布、矿物组成、地球化学特征,结合右江盆地中—下三叠统火山岩层序特征进行详细对比分析,结果显示广西凭祥—十万大山一带火山岩是其主要来源。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组时代划分及长73对印支Ⅰ幕的响应

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组地层时代划分存在较大分歧,即延长组地层时代是否包含中三叠世以及中、上三叠统界线的确定,而长73地层的归属是其关键.针对争议采集了盆地南部何2井长73底部凝灰岩（H2-2）和长73中上部凝灰岩（H2-1）样品,对H2-2进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和岩相学研究,对H2-1进行了岩相学和地球化学特征分析.结果表明:岩浆锆石的206Pb/238U加权年龄为239.8±2.0 Ma,属于中三叠世拉丁期,构造活动对应印支Ⅰ幕;凝灰岩来源于大陆花岗岩环境,与西秦岭地区的构造环境一致.结合前人研究成果,认为延长组地层跨中、晚三叠世,长73地层属于延长组第2段并划归到中三叠统,其顶部（即"张家滩页岩"顶部）为中、上三叠统的分界.印支Ⅰ幕构造岩浆活动在盆地发育了延长组长7油层组及凝灰岩等事件沉积,西秦岭地区的花岗质岩浆活动与长73凝灰岩在年龄、分布厚度、岩石组成和构造环境上均具耦合性,长73凝灰岩有可能来自西秦岭的岩浆活动.      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.