国内外“人工矿床”研究现状与前景

“人工矿床”主要是指废石及尾矿等能被重新利用的资源，在富矿资源日益减少的今天，贫矿资源，废石及尾矿等非传统资源的开发利用越来越受到重视，目前，国内外主要从物质再回收和物质转移两个方面对废石和尾矿的综合利用进行研究。国外已利用细菌浸出等先进的矿物加工工艺从低品位的含铜和含金的废石和尾矿中回民铜和金，利用已无回收价值的尾矿加工制造水泥，陶瓷，玻璃等新型材料，国内主要利用重选，磁选，浮选，化学选矿联合工艺流程回民铁，铜，金等尾矿中的有用元素,利用废石，尾矿作建筑石料或加工制造砖，混凝土，陶瓷等建筑材料。     

高镁磷尾矿的矿石结构与矿物组成

利用电子探针背散射电子成像分析和微区成分分析功能,对贵州瓮福高镁磷尾矿的矿石结构和矿物组成进行了研究,以探索尾矿与其原矿之间的差异,为综合开发利用磷尾矿提供必要的依据。结果表明该高磷尾矿的矿石结构可分为单矿物结构和多矿物碎屑结构两类。前者矿物组成包括白云石单矿物、磷灰石单矿物、褐铁矿单矿物、石英单矿物;后者包括白云石-磷灰石多矿物、磷灰石-白云石-石英多矿物,属高镁低品位磷矿。矿物组成类型按其含量从高到低依次为白云石质尾矿、白云石磷灰石质尾矿、磷灰石白云石石英质尾矿、石英质尾矿、磷灰石质尾矿、褐铁矿质尾矿,白云石质尾矿是尾矿中最丰富的矿物,白云石颗粒是含量最高的碎屑类型。     

应用X射线衍射-扫描电镜-光学显微镜鉴定黑龙江石墨尾矿中的绢云母

石墨尾矿作为一类二次资源,当云母类矿物的含量在10%以上时,具有回收利用价值。黑龙江某地石墨尾矿中含有10%以上的云母类矿物,但其细度(500~800目)低于常规的云母矿,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析矿物组成,再结合化学分析、扫描电镜-能谱、光学显微镜与纯矿物进行对比,由此鉴定云母类矿物种属。XRD研究初步表明石墨尾矿含有的云母族矿物属于白云母亚类或黑云母亚类。扫描电镜分析表明尾矿中的云母矿物与纯绢云母矿物均以片状和鳞片状为主要存在形态,而纯黑云母主要以片状形式存在。尾矿的Si O2含量为5%~13%,Al2O3含量为4%~8%,与纯绢云母接近。光学显微镜鉴定显示在正交偏光下石墨尾矿中的云母颜色和纯绢云母类似,而与纯黑云母截然不同。综合以上结果最终可确定该地石墨尾矿中的云母族矿物为白云母亚类中的绢云母。本研究为后续石墨尾矿的选矿工艺奠定了基础,也可应用于类似细度绢云母的鉴定。     

磷尾矿中磷镁赋存状态及其矿物特征研究

对贵州瓮福磷矿经浮选后的尾矿进行X射线衍射、电子探针、透射电子显微镜、能谱仪、扫描电镜等分析,从研究磷尾矿化学物相组成、形貌、粒度、内部结构入手,探讨了尾矿中磷镁赋存状态及其特征,以揭示尾矿与其原矿之间的异同,从而为回收利用磷尾矿中磷镁提供科学依据。研究结果表明:该高镁磷尾矿中的镁主要集中于其内部,且多数以独立矿物白云石颗粒状态存在,而磷主要以磷灰石与白云石形成的矿物连生体颗粒状态存在,少数以独立矿物磷灰石存在,回收难度较大。     

矿山尾矿矿物学研究进展

矿山尾矿由于产生大量酸性排水和释放重金属，污染地下水和地表水，破坏生态环境而成为人们关注的焦点。尾矿引起的环境问题是地表条件下，水一气一矿物复杂反应的综合结果。近年来尾矿矿物学的研究已经揭示出尾矿中矿物分解和形成的规律，水一气一矿物反应的机制和影响因素，酸性排水和重金属迁移规律，为尾矿环境危险性评价和尾矿污染防治提供了基础资料和新的思路。     

湖北大冶铜绿山尾矿的地球化学特征及其综合利用

对尾矿进行深入细致的研究, 认真分析其物理化学组成将为矿山环境的治理以及尾矿的综合利用提供重要的科学依据.探讨了铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床尾矿砂的矿物组合特征和地球化学特征, 初步研究了稀硫酸溶液萃取尾矿砂中有价金属元素方法的可行性.研究结果表明: 尾矿砂先后经过化学冶选和长期堆存风化, 矿物组成发生显著改变, 以粘土矿物(高岭石和伊利石)为主; 尾矿中的铜矿物以氧化铜为主, 尾矿砂中金属元素的活动性明显增强, 含量从顶部到第6层逐渐增加, 并在尾砂库的第6层强烈富集, 重金属铜具有回收利用的价值.      

铝土矿选矿尾矿特性

运用X射线衍射、N2吸附实验、扫描电子显微分析、等离子光谱等多种测试方法对铝土矿选矿尾矿特性进行了研究,揭示了尾矿一些不被关注的性质,诸如铁矿物的嵌布粒度、比表面积随煅烧温度的变化、煅烧对尾矿及其中各矿物化学反应活性的影响以及各主要矿物对磷酸根离子的吸附能力等。这些性质可望在研究废水处理、尾矿增白时得到应用。     

大吉山钨矿中钨银锰矿与富钨铌锰矿的交生现象及其成因探讨

文章对大吉山钨锰矿矿石进行了电子探针分析，发现了一种主要元素为Nb、Ta、Fe、Mn、W的复杂氧化物矿物——钨铌锰矿。这种矿物与富钨铌锰矿交生，在成分上与后者呈渐变过渡。证实在自然界中黑钨矿与铌钽铁矿之间可能存在着广泛的W—Nb(Ta)类质同像置换现象。通过对其成分、形态和共生关系的研究，结合大吉山钨矿的形成期次，联系矿体与区域内两期花岗岩的内在关系，对大吉山钨矿的成因机制进行了探讨。     

冀东司家营铁矿尾矿特征及综合利用建议

通过对冀东司家营铁矿尾矿的化学成分、矿物组成、矿物粒度、解离度以及矿物连生关系等测定,分析了该尾矿综合利用的途径,为同类型沉积变质型铁矿(BIF型铁矿)尾矿综合利用提供参考.分析结果表明,司家营铁尾矿属高硅高铁低铝尾矿;矿物组成以石英、阳起石、透辉石和长石为主,含少量赤铁矿、铁白云石、大隅石及云母等矿物;尾矿粒度以细砂...     

广东梅子窝钨矿尾矿库的防治措施及治理效果

<正>广东韶关梅子窝钨矿2#尾矿库虽然已经闭库停用,但存在一些不稳定因素,需要通过环境综合治理,消除尾矿库对生态环境的潜在威胁。梅子窝钨矿3#尾矿库在役运行中,属于金属硫化物型尾矿,极易氧化形成酸性水危害环境,同时尾矿排放的数量大,流动大,巨量尾矿的大量堆积,洪水季节尾矿库的安全更是存在极大的安全隐患,也需要针对性的提出相应防治措施。     

四川拉拉铜矿尾矿中重金属资源和环境意义

尾矿中高含量重金属具有潜在的资源和环境意义。通过分析拉拉铜矿尾矿中的重金属含量及其赋存形式,讨论了尾矿中有价元素的回收利用可能性,并评价了尾矿中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,拉拉铜矿各期尾矿中仅Ⅲ期尾矿的铁、铜、钴具有综合利用价值;各期尾矿中多种重金属元素潜在的生态危害程度轻微,但是各期尾矿中汞的生态危害程度中等,Ⅲ期尾矿中铜的生态危害程度中等。因此,矿区不仅要注意各期尾矿汞对环境的潜在污染,同时也应注意Ⅲ期尾矿铜对环境污染的生态风险。     

Acid drainage reassessment of mining tailings,Black Swan Nickel Mine,Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

This paper describes the geochemical testing of mine tailings sourced from the Black Swan Ni Mine located near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Acid–base accounting was used to provide an indication of the acid generating capacity of two kinds of mining tailings: disseminated-ore tailings from the Cygnet Tailings Dam Storage Facility (CTDSF) and massive-ore tailings from the Silver Swan Tailings Dam Storage Facility (SSTDSF). All of the tailings in SSTDSF have acid generating potential which is consistent with previous research reports. New findings in this paper reveal that approximately 16% of the tailings in CTDSF have the potential to be acid generating. In contrast, previous reports state that the disseminated-ore tailings are classified as non-acid forming. Most of the potential acid generating tailings in the CTDSF are found in the upper-middle sections of the tailings profile, but some are located at the bottom of the tailings dam. The upper-middle section of the tailings is oxidized because these tailings have interacted with atmospheric O₂ and rain and surface water. Oxidation of the bottom tailings in the CTDSF may be due to infiltration of ground water into hidden fractures under the east bank of CTDSF, which caused these tailings to oxidize under closed and reduced conditions.The acid drainage in the tailings dam storage facility was observed 3 a, after the development of the Black Swan Nickel project. This delayed production of acid drainage was likely due to the slow rates of acid neutralization provided by alteration gouge minerals such as Mg/Fe-carbonates (magnesite–siderite series) associated with the Ni ores. The acid drainage leaking from the tailings dams has contaminated neighboring ground water via increased acidity and heavy metals.Because of the potential acid generation in some of the disseminated ore tailings, it is inadvisable to use disseminated ore tailings as cover materials in the storage facility to isolate the underlying potentially-acid-forming tailings from O₂ and water, as proposed by previous research reports.     

Development of a high modulus paste fill using fine gold mill tailings

Summary In the mining industry today there is some caution about using fine tailings as a backfill material. Traditionally, hydraulic backfill has only used the coarse fraction of tailings, excluding the fines by a classification process. With the development of paste fill, the percentage of fine tailings being sent underground has increased, but still remains low due to the high percentages of sand and gravel which usually make up these fills. Sand and gravel have been added to paste fills to aid pumpability and to increase fill strength and stiffness. This leaves the remainder of fine tailings destined for surface disposal. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate what effect the addition of fine gold mill tailings in the form of agglomerated tailings pellets has on the strength and stiffness characteristics of a total tailings paste fill. The purpose is to create a high modulus fill which is made up entirely of fine tailings. A constant slump design of 20 cm (8 in) was used for each mix. Various binder dosages, curing periods and combinations of pellet to tailings ratio were studied. Raw fill slump and density, and cured fill compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were also examined. Results from the above study indicate that agglomerated tailings paste fill (ATPF) has superior strength and stiffness characteristics. Compressive strengths were enhanced while the modulus of elasticity values was tripled when compared to total tailings paste fills of the same binder content and consistency. ATPF minimizes the surface disposal of tailings and maximizes the utilization of fine tailings underground as a useful backfill material.     

Comparison of Numerical and Analytical Liquefaction Analyses of Tailings

The seismic performance of a tailings impoundment can be adversely affected by the behavior of the retained tailings. However, there remains considerable uncertainty in tailings liquefaction analysis. Twenty cyclic simple shear tests conducted on tailings from a gold mine in Quebec, Canada, were simulated numerically. The simulations indicated that the dynamic behavior of tailings could be modelled reasonably well, except that the weighted cyclic resistance curve of the tailings differed from that of clean sand which was used to develop the constitutive model (UBCSAND). An (N₁)_60-CS value of 10 blows/30 cm was estimated for the tailings based on calibration at a CSR of 0.10 for 15 cycles of loading. Numerical simulation of the behavior of a 20-m-high deposit of tailings during an earthquake (M_w = 5.9) indicated liquefaction of the upper 8 m of tailings. Liquefaction analysis using the Simplified method with published magnitude scaling factors (MSF) did not predict the occurrence of liquefaction. The use of MSF values calculated from the laboratory testing predicted liquefaction in the upper 8 m of tailings, corresponding quite well with the numerical simulation. The results indicate that both analytical and numerical methods can be used to evaluate the potential for tailings liquefaction under seismic loads.     

细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性的影响

为了模拟沉积分选后颗粒组成的变化对尾矿材料的动力特性的影响,尾矿筛分后按不同的细粒（颗粒直径小于 0.074 mm）含量制备尾矿试样,并进行了大量的土动力学试验。分析了细颗粒含量对尾矿材料的动力液化特性的影响规律。研究表明,对于铜矿类尾矿坝的尾矿材料,当细颗粒含量占到总量的35 %时其抗液化性能最佳。根据尾矿材料动力特性试验的研究结果,并结合现场的标准贯入试验成果,提出了适用于尾矿材料的细粒含量对标准贯入击数的修正式。该式可以分析不同细粒含量的尾矿材料的抗液化强度,提高尾矿坝液化判别方法的判别准确程度。     

Effect of the alkaline industrial residues fly ash,green liquor dregs,and lime mud on mine tailings oxidation when used as covering material

The potential to use the alkaline residue products fly ash, green liquor dregs, and lime mud originating from paper mills as dry cover materials to seal tailings has been investigated. Metals concentration in lime mud and fly ash had the lowest and highest contents, respectively. The tailings (<1 % sulfur content, primarily pyrite) were disposed about 50 years ago and originated from the former Rönnskär mine site in Sweden. The results of chemical composition analysis show that the raw unoxidized tailings are active toward oxidation, while the components of the adjacent oxidized tailings are not. To quantify the release of metals from the tailings and to evaluate the effect of a sealing layer on oxidation and weathering of the tailings, batch leaching tests were conducted in which leachate from alkaline residue materials was fed to the tailings. The results show that a higher concentration of most trace elements is leached from the unoxidized tailings than from the oxidized tailings. Except As and Cr, the rest of analyzed metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb) became immobilized in response to the increased pH as a consequence of the amendment. The three tested alkaline amendments show a similar potential for preventing the release of metals (with the exception of As and Cr) from the tailings. Under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, microbial activity was found to be of minor importance. XRD analysis of the field samples revealed that it was feasible to use alkaline residue products in covering tailings, and that it was advantageous to use ash as a cover material more than dregs.     

安徽铜陵林冲尾矿库重金属元素分布与迁移及其环境影响

通过对铜陵凤凰山矿林冲尾矿库中重金属元素的空间分布特征及相关土壤、水系沉积物和植物中重金属元素含量变化的研究，初步了解尾矿重金属元素的空间变化和迁移规律，分析了其对周围环境的影响及潜在危害性，并指出了尾矿库土地综合开发利用的方向。     

尾矿坝垮塌机制与溃决模式试验研究

基于云南拉拉铜矿小打鹅尾矿库工程设计资料,采用现场排放尾矿砂为试验材料,进行了尾矿堆积坝在洪水情况下发生垮塌破坏的模型试验。通过水流控制系统模拟尾矿坝遭遇洪水情况,采用侧面示踪点、水位测压管、应力传感器以及数码摄像机等设备获得了尾矿坝溃决过程中坝坡的位移矢量演化、浸润线与应力的变化特性以及坝体破坏发展过程,揭示了洪水作用下尾矿坝的垮塌机制和溃决模式。试验结果发现：尾矿堆积坝的浸润线变化存在滞后性;在洪水入库致库区最高设计洪水水位过程中,靠近坝坡中部处水平方向的总应力增量较垂向总应力增量大,增大的水平应力是坝体产生破坏的重要因素之一;洪水导致坝坡尾矿砂所受的渗透力、上浮力、重力以及孔隙水压力增大,削弱了坝体材料的黏聚力,并加大了自身荷载,降低了坝体的稳定性;尾矿坝溃决模式一般为逆流渐进型,破坏先是从坡脚处发生,继而向上游发展,呈现牵引式发展,破坏的滑动面由多个弧形滑移面构成。研究成果加深了对尾矿堆积坝垮塌机制和溃决模式的认识,并在洪水灾害的预防和控制方面作了一些新的探索     

Dynamic characteristics of tailings reservoir under seismic load

Earthquake is one of the most important factors that leads to the liquefaction of tailings and to the instability of the tailings reservoir. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the instability mechanism of the tailings reservoir under seismic load. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of the tailings reservoir under seismic load were investigated by carrying out a model test on the dynamic characteristics of the tailings dam. A model test of tailings dam failure and the dynamic characteristics model of the tailings reservoir under seismic load were established. Additionally, the dynamic characteristics under a seismic load were investigated. Additionally, the correctness of the dynamic characteristics model of the tailings reservoir was verified by numerical calculation. Researches show that with the increase in input peak acceleration, pore water pressure, earth pressure, and the horizontal and vertical displacements of the dam monitoring points are gradually increased. However, the acceleration amplification factor shows a declining trend. In the process of increasing the input peak acceleration, the saturation line and the lifting speed increases gradually. There is no obvious slip surface in the failure of the tailings dam, and the overall sliding is shown by the failure mode. The tailings reach each of the downstream sections. The mud height increases to the peak value, and then decreases gradually until stagnation. The results of this study can provide the theoretical basis and reference values for the stability analysis of a tailings reservoir under a seismic load, and the results are of great significance for controlling the risk factors in the operation of tailings reservoir, reducing the risk of tailings production safety, preventing the occurrence of tailing pond accidents, protecting the property safety of the downstream residents and enterprises, maintaining social stability around the reservoir area and creating a good ecological environment.     

Undrained Strength of Deposited Mine Tailings Beds: Effect of Water Content, Effective Stress and Time of Consolidation

An understanding of the geotechnical behaviour of mine tailings is imperative when evaluating the stability and erosional resistance of sedimented tailings beds; as well as for the design and long-term management of tailings disposal facilities. Laboratory testing was conducted on mine tailings beds of various ages and thicknesses, deposited from concentrated slurries. Measured index properties allowed classifying the tailings as a coarse grained and non-cohesive material. The results obtained from the performed sedimentation experiments showed that the primary consolidation of the tailings beds was complete in approximately 1 h and negligible volume changes occurred in the beds during secondary compression. The undrained shear strength of the tailings beds was measured using an automated fall cone device at a depth interval of 1 cm and a profile of the shear strength variation with depth was obtained. At each tested surface, moisture content specimens were taken to determine the moisture content profile of the tested tailings beds. The undrained shear strength of the beds varied between 0.008 and 0.975 kPa for effective stresses below 1.19 kPa and increased with depth. Correspondingly, the moisture content decreased with depth and varied between 17 and 27%. The factor controlling the undrained shear strength of the tested beds was the vertical effective stress, with the water content also having some secondary effect. The correlation between the undrained shear strength and the vertical effective stress was expressed with a second order polynomial function. Consolidation time did not appear to influence the observed shear strength.