珠江流域的枯水研究与展望

本文简述了珠江下游控制站枯季径流特点及珠江流域枯水研究概况,对珠江枯水研究进行了展望,提出了未来珠江枯水研究的重点:开展人类活动对枯水径流的影响研究及枯水水文气候研究,同时指出,为指导流域的防旱抗旱工作,需建立枯水水情数据库及枯水预报模型.     

细菌、真菌对喀斯特作用的影响研究及其意义

本文针对目前喀斯特研究较少的一个方面——细菌和真菌对喀斯特作用的影响进行了较系统的研究。文中首先从描述研究、机制阐释及研究方法三个方面对地表及土壤中细菌及真菌对侵蚀过程的影响进行了研究,对地表泉水、洞穴及土壤三个不同环境中细菌、真菌对ＣａＣＯ３沉淀促进作用作了初步探讨和研究回顾,最后着重提出了这种研究在石刻保护中的实践意义。      

岩体本构模型研究方法及评价

介绍了国内外近年来岩体本构模型的研究状况及研究方法的进展 ,分别对岩体的强度理论、塑性理论类和损伤本构模型进行了较为详细论述 ,并对每种研究方法的发展前景及尚待解决的问题做了简要的评述 ,对岩体本构模型研究方法的选用提出了看法     

阳泉西环高速公路沿线地质特征及地质灾害影响评估

在对研究区地质资料进行系统分析和野外实际调查的基础上,运用构造地质学、矿物岩石学及工程地质学,对该公路沿线地质特性进行了详细研究,总结了沿线地质灾害类型,对存在的地质灾害现状进行了评估,并对评估区进行了分区。研究结果对线路的施工及地质灾害防治等具有指导意义。     

地震波散射研究回顾与展望

地震波散射是地球物理学中一个非常重要的研究领域,其进展对人们正确认识和了解地球深部的细节及物性具有重大意义,对地球动力学的研究也具有不可忽视的推动作用。这里从地震波散射的理论和方法研究二个方面,对地震波散射研究的进展作评述。首先回顾了地震波散射的基本概念、研究历程及研究的各个方面,对散射理论进行了系统评述,同时对先辈们关于散射波数值模拟的情况进行了总结。     

废弃矿山生态快速恢复技术

对喷混植生技术在废弃矿山生态恢复中的研究和应用进行了较全面的综合,主要涉及到喷混植生技术的概念、研究应用进展及研究现状,最后,对废弃矿山生态系统中喷混植生综合研究及示范推广进行了讨论。     

我国气体与粉尘爆炸事故现状及影响因素分析

论述了我国气体与粉尘爆炸事故的研究现状,对气体与粉尘爆炸的条件及主要影响因素做了较为详细的分析,研究了各种防止气体及粉尘爆炸发生的措施,提出进一步研究的方向和要求。     

从第32届国际地质大会看矿物材料研究进展

对第32届国际地质大会与矿物材料研究有关的论文进行了全面总结,从非金属矿产资源评价和选矿方法、天然矿物改性及应用、合成矿物材料研究、工业废弃物资源化及应用机理研究等方面归纳了矿物材料学的若干研究热点,并与第31届国际地质大会有关矿物材料研究进展进行了对比。在综述基础上,结合作者对国内外材料学、矿物材料研究现状的了解,对矿物材料学的发展趋势进行了分析。     

北京地区中元古代与中生代火山岩的酸度、系列、构造环境及岩浆成因

本文对北京地区中元古代及中生代火山岩的地质学、岩石学、矿物化学、地球化学、岩石成因学及构造环境学进行了综合研究。对火山岩的时空分布及成分变化进行了论述,对酸度频率及岩浆系列进行了分析,对构造环境及拉张距离进行了估算,对岩浆的来源及演化机理进行了探讨。     

强震区震后地质灾害长期活动性研究综述

地震通过改变地表岩体的物理力学性质而使得震区滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害显著增强的现象在震后持续相当长的一段时间。在研究分析国内外学者对地震地质灾害研究成果的基础上,系统总结了目前在地震诱发地质灾害的发育分布规律及其演化趋势方面的研究方法及成果,探讨了研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,并对未来的研究方向及趋势进行了展望。研究认为目前国内外对地震地质灾害长期活动性的研究还没有形成体系,尚缺乏有效的研究方法与技术,并且研究成果存在较大差异性。地震扰动区地质灾害长期活动性研究可为震后地质灾害的长期防灾减灾和风险管控提供科学支持,也能对地震地质灾害相关问题的进一步深入研究提供参考。     

RS和GIS技术集成及其应用

本文简要地介绍了ＲＳ（遥感图像处理系统）和ＧＩＳ（地理信息系统）技术及其集成的基本概念和方法。讨论了ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ技术及其集成的内在涵义、相互关系,认为ＲＳ是ＧＩＳ重要的外部信息源,是其数据更新的重要手段,尤其对于全球性的 地理动力学分析,更必须有ＲＳ所提供的覆盖全球的动态数据与ＧＩＳ的结合。反之,ＧＩＳ则可以提供ＲＳ所需要的一些辅助数据,以提高ＲＳ图像的信息量和分辨率,同时,ＧＩＳ可以将实地调查所     

细粒沉积物及其古地理研究进展与展望*

细粒沉积物特征及其古地理研究对含油气细粒沉积物的勘探开发、评价预测、工程技术设计等意义重大。近年来,细粒沉积物,尤其是含油气细粒沉积物研究的快速发展,带来了一系列新的研究领域。在讨论细粒沉积物的定义、分类与特征的基础上,通过分析细粒沉积的文献知识群,获取细粒沉积物、页岩研究等结构、热点与发展方向。国际上细粒沉积物研究主要关注微结构和成因机制,近年来主要在具有油气意义的特殊细粒沉积物--页岩研究方面取得关键进展,对页岩的研究过程可以分为以页岩表征为代表的主知识网络和以页岩气赋存、运移等构成的延伸知识网络。细粒沉积物古地理恢复方法丰富,适用性存在差异,但量化、多因素综合、数据集成与深度挖掘、人工智能化将是细粒沉积古地理恢复方法的方向。在含油气细粒沉积物的优选评价方面,需要对沉积物本身特征与控制影响因素展开精细研究,进而延伸出“更宏观”与“更微观”2个主要发展方向。     

Glyph and hyperstreamline representation of stress and strain tensors and material constitutive response

Results of numerical analyses of boundary value problems in geomechanics include output of three‐dimensional stress and strain states. Two‐dimensional plots of stress–stress or stress–strain quantities, often used to represent such output, do not fully communicate the evolution of stress and strain states. This paper describes the use of glyphs and hyperstreamlines for the visual representation of three dimensional stress and strain tensors in geomechanics applications. Glyphs can be used to represent principal stress states as well as normal stresses at a point. The application of these glyphs is extended in this paper to represent strain states. The paper introduces a new glyph, called HWY glyph for the representation of shear tensor components. A load step‐based hyperstreamline is developed to show the evolution of a stress or strain tensor under a general state of loading. The evolution of stress–strain states from simulated laboratory tests and a general boundary value problem of a deep braced excavation are represented using these advanced visual techniques. These visual representations facilitate the understanding of complex multidimensional stress–strain soil constitutive relationships. The visual objects introduced in this paper can be applied to stress and strain tensors from general boundary value problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重磁场的变差函数特征及应用

用变差函数研究重磁场的区域变化特征.变差函数的变程反映重磁场的相干范围, 块金效应反映随机干扰, 基台值反映变异程度.重磁场的理论模拟说明: 重力场的相干范围大于磁场, 重磁场变程主要取决于场源深度, 浅源重磁场变差函数近似为球状模型或指数模型, 深源重磁场近似为连续性更好的高斯模型.磁场场源深度近似等于变程的一半, 重力场场源深度近似等于变程的四分之一.湖北大冶铁矿垂直分量磁异常具有几何各向异性, 北西-南东走向, 变差函数推测磁铁矿平均深度为250m.磁异常小波多尺度分解细节和逼近部分磁场具有协调几何各向异性, 变差函数的各阶场源深度估计结果与功率谱估计结果吻合.      

Estimating and Optimising Analytical and Sampling Uncertainty in Environmental Investigations: Application and Evaluation

Measurements taken to characterise environmental contamination contain uncertainty, which is generated by both field sampling and chemical analyses. Recently devised techniques have been applied for the first time to estimate this uncertainty in the commercial monitoring and assessment of contaminated land. The uncertainty reduces the reliability of the classification of the land that is made following a site investigation. The possible misclassification of areas of land, as a result of measurement uncertainty, can lead to substantial financial penalties, resulting from litigation or unnecessary remediation. Previous studies have developed methods for the estimation and financial optimisation of measurement uncertainty. These methods have now been applied to a series of six contrasting site investigations, which were conducted by various commercial organisations. The previous uses of these sites included a gas works, a tin mine and railway sidings. The measurement uncertainty was successfully estimated for each of the six investigations, showing its applicability to a wide range of different sampling methods, such as trial pits, window sampling and augering. The measurement uncertainty ranged widely between sites from 25% to 158%, indicating that investigations can differ widely in their reliability. The field sampling tended to generate the largest component of the measurement uncertainty when compared to the contribution from the chemical analysis. The Optimised Contaminated Land Investigation (OCLI) method was applied to each site, with the initial aim of estimating the financial losses that could be incurred as a result of misclassifying the land, due to the uncertainty. It showed that the expectation of loss value per sampling location ranged from only £58 at one site to over £ 11 000 at another. The optimal level of uncertainty that produced the minimal financial loss was then calculated for each site. It provided a reduction in the expectation of loss for the whole site of over £ 10 000 at two of the sites and over £90 000 at two others. These findings demonstrate that implementing concepts of uncertainty can have practical benefits in environmental monitoring, and can enable improvements to be made in the quality of sampling and hence of measurements in general.     

深基坑开挖与支护模拟仿真分析

运用FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型对北京市某高层住宅楼基坑工程进行了数值模拟分析,对基坑开挖、失稳破坏、边坡支护进行了评价,并对模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,分析了基坑变形、失稳破坏和支护过程。研究表明,FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型能够方便、准确地模拟基坑开挖、边坡的大位移失稳破坏、边坡的支护过程,其计算结果安全可靠。分析结果也证实了FLAC3D在基坑工程数值模拟方面具有良好的适应性。     

Chemical and Isotopic Characters of the Water and Suspended Particulate Materials in the Yellow River and Their Geological and Environmental Implications

The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the water and suspended particulate materials(SPM)in the Yellow River were investigated on the samples collected from 29 hydrological monitoring stations in the mainstem and several major tributaries during 2004 to 2007.TheδD andδ~(18)O values of the Yellow River water vary in large ranges from-32‰to-91‰and from-3.1‰to-12.5‰,respectively.The characters of H and O isotope variations indicate that the major sources of the Yellow River water are meteoric water and snow melting water,and water cycle in the Yellow River basin is affected strongly by evaporation process and human activity.The average SPM content(9.635g/L)of the Yellow River is the highest among the world large rivers.Compared with the Yangtze River,the Yellow River SPM has much lower clay content and significantly higher contents of clastic silicates and carbonates.In comparison to the upper crust rocks,the Yellow River SPM contains less SiO_2,CaO,K_2O and Na_2O,but more TFe_2O_3,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd.The abnormal high Cd contents found in some sample may be related to local industrial activity.The REE contents and distribution pattern of the Yellow River SPM are very close to the average value of the global shale.The averageδ~(30)Si_(SPM)in the Yellow River(-0.11‰)is slightly higher than the average value(-0.22‰)of the Yangtze River SPM.The major factors controlling theδ~(30)Si_(SPM)of the Yellow River are the soil supply,the isotopic composition of the soil and the climate conditions.The TDS in the Yellow River are the highest among those of world large rivers.Fair correlations are observed among Cl~-,Na~+,K~+,and Mg~(2+)contents of the Yellow River water,indicating the effect of evaporation.The Ca~(2+)and Sr~(2+)concentrations show good correlation to the SO_4~(2-)concentration rather than HCO_3~-concentration,reflecting its origin from evaporates.The NO_3~-contents are affected by farmland fertilization.The Cu,Zn and Cd contents in dissolved load of the Yellow River water are all higher than those of average world large rivers,reflecting the effect of human activity.The dissolved load in the Yellow River water generally shows a REE distribution pattern parallel to those for the Yangtze River and the Xijiang River.Theδ~(30)Si values of the dissolved silicon vary in a range from 0.4‰to 2.9‰,averaging1.34‰.The major processes controlling the D_(Si)andδ~(30)Si_(Diss)of the Yellow River water are the weathering process of silicate rocks,growth of phytolith in plants,evaporation,dissolution of phytolith in soil,growth of fresh water diatom,adsorption and desorption of aqueous monosilicic acid on iron oxide and human activities.The averageδ~(30)Si_(Diss)value of the Yellow River is significantly lower than that of the Nile River,Yangtze River and Siberia rivers,but higher than those of other rivers,reflecting their differences in chemical weathering and biological activity.Theδ~(34)S_(SO4)values of the Yellow River water range from-3.8‰to 14.1‰,averaging 7.97‰.There is some correlation between SO_4~(2-)content andδ~(34)S_(SO4).The factors controlling theδ~(34)S_(SO4)of the Yellow River water are the SO_4 in the meteoric water,the SO_4 from gypsum or anhydrite in evaporite rocks,oxidation and dissolution of sulfides in the mineral deposits,magmatic rocks and sedimentary rocks,the sulfate reduction and precipitation process and the sulfate from fertilizer.The~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of all samplesrange from 0.71041 to 0.71237,averaging 0.71128.The variations in the~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratio and Sr concentration of river water are primarily caused by mixing of waters of various origins with different~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios and Sr contents resulting from water-rock interaction with different rock types.     

闽西南地区成岩成矿作用与构造环境

闽西南地区是特提斯构造域向环太平洋大陆边缘构造域转换的典型地区，区内多期构造演化形成了复杂多变的构造单元格局和多种成岩成矿环境。多期多阶段火山侵入岩浆作用为矿集区矿床的形成提供了良好的热液活动条件和深部热源基础。笔者总结了研究区矿床时空演化规律、矿床成矿系列与成矿构造环境的关系，指出复杂多变的构造环境造成了本区矿床具多时代、多层位、多矿种、多成因类型的特点。     

煤及其燃烧产物飞灰和底灰中稀土元素地球化学特征及集散规律

采用ICP—MS法测试了褐煤、肥煤和无烟煤以及在不同燃烧条件下获取的飞灰、底灰等29个样品的稀土元素含量;分析了稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明,不同煤种的稀土元素含量不同,相同煤种在不同燃烧条件下获取的飞灰、底灰中的稀土元素含量也不同;褐煤、肥煤、无烟煤及其燃煤产物飞灰、底灰的稀土元素分布模式呈左高右低的宽缓的“V”型曲线;Eu存在明显负异常。研究了燃煤过程中稀土元素的分布及集散规律,稀土元素在飞灰、底灰中的含量比原煤有明显提高,其增加幅度为几倍至20多倍不等,表明煤炭燃烧后稀土元素在飞灰、底灰中进一步聚集;飞灰和底灰中稀土元素含量、飞灰和底灰对煤的稀土元素含量比和富集因子以及飞灰对底灰的稀土元素含量比和富集因子等,不仅与原煤中稀土元素有直接关系,而且还受锅炉燃烧方式、燃烧温度(炉温)等人为因素的影响。     

气藏盖储层压力配置类型及与储量丰度的关系

通过研究气藏盖层排替压力与储层压力特征,对其盖储层压力配置类型及与储量丰度关系进行了研究,结论为盖高储低压配置类型最有利于天然气富集,其次是盖高储常压配置类型和盖较高储低压配置类型,其它配置类型较差.通过统计得到:我国46个大中型气田盖储层压力配置类型有4种,以盖高储高压配置类型最多,其次是盖高储弱高压配置类型,再次是盖高储常压配置类型,盖高储低压配置类型最少;我国46个大中型气田中低储量丰度的大中型气田个数最多,其次是高、中储量丰度的大中型气田,特低储量丰度的大中型气田个数最少.通过我国46个大中型气田盖储层压力配置类型与天然气储量丰度之间关系研究发现,盖储层压力配置类型为盖高储常压配置类型和盖高储高压配置类型最有利于形成高、中天然气储量丰度的大中型气田.