遥感与地理信息系统的关系

遥感（ＲＳ）具有多时相、多信息等特征,因此,航空航天遥感可作为地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的信息源及数据更新的手段。ＧＩＳ强大的数据管理及数据分析功能又为ＲＳ得以应用提供了可能。从应用角度出发,探讨了两者的关系。     

应用3S技术集成为江西发展生态旅游服务

充分应用遥感技术（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）－３Ｓ技术集成,对生态旅游资源调查、信息提取进行了有益的探索。研究和实践结果表明,应用３Ｓ集成技术,在江西生态旅游资源调查、评价和规划建设中不仅可行而且必要。     

上饶地区遥感地质调查基础数据库及其应用

结合１∶５万遥感地质填图，从数据采集、数据库管理、分析运算、数据输出等方面系统介绍了基于遥感的区调基础数据库的建立过程；重点论述了属性库管理中的数据分类和编码问题，它是空间查询和属性检索及地学专题制图的基础；从遥感数据录入、对数据库的更新等方面论述了遥感（ＲＳ）和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的技术整合及其在区调中的应用前景；探讨了地学数据标准化及专家系统（ＥＳ）和ＧＩＳ结合建立地学模型等问题。     

“3S”技术整合在区域地质调查研究中的应用初探

简要阐述了遥感（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）和全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）在区域地质调查研究中的应用现状及其整合化趋势。“３Ｓ”技术为区调研究提供了新的潜力巨大的技术支持；着重从“３Ｓ”技术整合的角度，探讨了它在我国第二代区调填图中的基本应用模式以及实施中的有关问题。     

勘探数据集成的GIS技术

１９８７－１９９７年这十年中,ＧＩＳ已从商业推广深入到地球科学,并应用于矿产勘查,ＧＩＳ地图形,图像和数据表提供了计算环境,并为数据传输,可视化,分析,模型和空间决策支持提供了强有力的工具,采用ＧＩＳ技术,可方便地通过集成勘查数据群生成矿产资源远景图,并可根据先期勘查程度选用于知识的或基于专家系统的预测方法,迄今为止的结果表明,采用这些方法在勘查模型的确定,各单元与不同的前景和背景之间的基本联系,     

地理信息系统的历史回顾与前景展望

本文从技术的角度出发，回顾了地理信息系统的发展历史所经历的三个阶段，结合近年来，内外地理信息系统的发展动态，阐述了地理信息系统的软硬件发展的主要趋势，ＧＩＳ、ＲＳ和ＧＰＳ的集成，三维ＧＩＳ，时态ＧＩＳ的发展现状，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

3S——应用领域十分广泛的高新技术

遥感（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）和全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）统简３Ｓ，是近年来发展迅猛、应用广泛的高新技术。本文介绍了应用遥感技术对黄土高原信息系统的研究工作。阐述了支持区域规划与辅助决策的智能地理信息系统的数据模型和物理数据结构的设计与实现。说明了将ＧＰＳ与ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ组成的信息系统相结合，提高系统性能的方法     

“3S”技术在资源地质调查中的应用

利用遥感（ＲＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）等高新技术的有机配合可以快速高效地完成环境条件恶劣的区的资源调查工作。以宁夏碱沟山地区煤田地质调查为例,介绍了“３Ｓ”技术的应用情况。即应用法国ＳＰＯＴ卫星图像对地质、地貌等要素进行综合解译、对比和分析;应用全球定位系统对地质、地形地貌等要素进行野外控点;应用地理信息系统对调查成果进行综合分析、编辑和制图。总结了应用“３Ｓ”技术进行资     

苏锡常地区GIS与地下水开采及地面沉降模拟模型系统集成分析

以ＧＩＳ为主控模块,选择美国国防部开发的地下水运动模拟模型系统（ＧｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒＭｏｄｅｌｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍ简称ＧＭＳ）和美国Ｄ．Ｃ．Ｈｅｌｍ等人开发的地面沉降模拟模型系统（Ｃｏｍｐａｃ）,进行苏锡常地区ＧＩＳ与地下水运动模拟和地面沉降模拟模型系统集成分析和设计。从ＧＩＳ、ＧＭＳ和Ｃｏｍｐａｃ概念模型供需要求,分析说明集成系统的特点和设计思路,且对集成系统的多种数据兼容性、数据分析处理及集成计算、结果可视化和构件化修改功能进行阐述。     

GIS的发展方向

介绍了地理信息系统的理论基础,总结了ＧＩＳ在３Ｓ集成,面向对象技术,ＧＩＳ与专家系统相结合,ＧＩＳ的网络化,ＧＩＳ与多媒体技术及虚拟现实技术相结合等方面的发展。     

GIS数据融入遥感图像理解的模型初探

作者在本文中讨论了利用电磁波散射的数值计算、高光谱、人人智能进行遥感图像理解的现状，说明了地理信息系统（GIS）数据融入遥感图像理解的重要性，概述了GIS数据融入所面临的问题，指出了GIS融入遥感图像理解对处理系统的一般要求，分析了基于数据挖掘的专家系统、神经网络、进行计算的特点和性能。结合神经网络和进化计算能融合多源数据、高度并行、自适应、自组织能力和知识处理的能力，以及进化计算通过重组、变异和复制算法具有优化选择的功能，构建了基于进化计算的神经网络的GIS数据，并融入模型。模型中GIS属性数据惯穿遥感图像理解的全过程，是一种高层次的数据融合，且GIS数据特征的提取、处理和遥感图像理解是高度并行的。它是一种实现GIS数据融入遥感图像理解的有效途径。基于数据挖掘的专家系统也具有上述功能，但存在数据挖掘的困难。     

地统计分析在滑坡遥感监测中的研究进展

滑坡监测的常规技术方法有多种,如大地精密测量法、近景摄影测量法等,但这些技术往往会受到气候与地形的限制,实施困难较大。而遥感技术可以克服观测条件的限制,并可针对滑坡不同阶段实行监测。此外,地统计分析方法可充分利用遥感数据本身具有的空间相关性,可以提高影像信息提取的准确性。因此,结合遥感与地统计方法进行滑坡监测具有广阔的应用前景。     

Accessing Multi-Source Geological Data through Network in MORPAS Software System

MORPAS is a special GIS (geographic information system) software system, based on the MAPGIS platform whose aim is to prospect and evaluate mineral resources quantificationally by synthesizing geological, geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing data. It overlays geological database management, geological background and geological abnormality analysis, image processing of remote sensing and comprehensive abnormality analysis, etc.. It puts forward and integrative solution for the application of GIS in basic-level units and the construction of information engineering in the geological field. As the polularization of computer networks and the request of data sharing, it is necessary to extend its funictions in data management so that all its data files can be accessed in the network server. The paper utilizes some MAPGIS functions for the second development and ADO (access data object) technique to qccess multi-source geological data in SQL Server databases. Then remote visiting and congruous management will be realized in the MORPAS system.     

基于三维地理信息系统的岩层产状测量方法

利用三维地理信息系统技术和多比例尺的国家基础地理信息数据,在计算机软硬件平台支持下,进行浅层岩层产状的测量和计算,可以用来替代传统的野外测量.该方法利用数字地面高程和高分辨率的数字正射影像图数据,建立研究区域的三维场景,在计算机辅助下实现动态实时测量各种浅层岩层产状.通过选取和测量岩层上10个以上点的三维空间坐标,并利...     

地质大数据分析的若干工具与应用

大数据科学研究范式是大数据时代的必然结果。在大数据时代,地质学研究正面临着前所未有的挑战与机遇,亟需地质大数据分析的基础支撑。本文介绍若干种有价值的地质大数据分析工具及其应用。知识图谱以其强大的语义处理能力和开放组织能力,为大数据时代信息的知识化组织和智能应用提供了有效工具。它旨在描述真实世界中存在的各种实体或概念及其关系,构成一张巨大的语义网络图,以节点表示实体或概念,边则由属性或关系构成。机器学习与卷积神经网络模型仍然是当前地质大数据研究的热点。演化算法借鉴了自然界中生物进化与自适应过程的思想,是一种基于种群的元启发式最优化算法。它具有无需先验知识、能在全局范围内进行隐并行搜索的优点,可以用来精确地获取大数据中隐含的演化趋势与时空特征。图形社区发现技术将网络划分为若干个内部节点相似社区,为分析和理解网络提供有力的技术支持。随着空间分辨率、时间分辨率和辐射分辨率不断提高,遥感技术已广泛成为地质数据获得的主要技术手段。遥感大数据的数据存取和智能处理是最重要的发展方向。这些地质大数据分析方法已有成功的应用案例,并将广泛用于各种地质研究,如城市土壤污染智能监测、模拟、管控与预警研究,得益于地质大数据研究支撑系统的恰当选择以及地质大数据技术的强力支持,建立了可解释的多源多层城市土壤污染知识图谱,源于多源异构大数据有效融合的主要障碍正在去除。     

A GIS and remote sensing based evaluation of groundwater potential zones in a hard rock terrain of Vaigai sub-basin, India

In this paper, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and fieldwork techniques were combined to study the groundwater conditions in Vaigai basin, Tamilnadu. Several digital image processing techniques, including standard color composites, intensity–hue–saturation transformation and decorrelation stretch were applied to map rock types. Remote sensing data were interpreted to produce lithological and lineament maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use/land cover and drainage map were prepared and analyzed using GIS Arc Map GIS Raster Calculator module as geomorphology?×?12?+?drainage?×?9?+?lineament?×?5?+?geology?×?8?+?land use?×?2?+?relief?×?4. The final cumulative map generated by applying the above equation had weight values ranging from 0.315 to 4.515. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study groundwater resources and design a suitable exploration plan, the thematic maps for the study area.     

Manifestation of remote sensing data and GIS on landslide hazard analysis using spatial-based statistical models

This paper presents landslide hazard analysis at Cameron area, Malaysia, using a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing data. Landslide locations were identified from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. Topographical and geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence are topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature, and distance to rivers, all from the topographic database; lithology and distance to faults were taken from the geologic database; land cover from TM satellite image; the vegetation index value was taken from Landsat images; and precipitation distribution from meteorological data. Landslide hazard area was analyzed and mapped using the landslide occurrence factors by frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression models. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data and compared with the probabilistic models. The validation results showed that the frequency ratio model (accuracy is 89.25%) is better in prediction of landslide than bivariate logistic regression (accuracy is 85.73%) model.     

Environmental degradation assessment in arid areas: a case study from Basra Province, southern Iraq

Evaluation of recent land degradation affecting Basra Province, Iraq, resulted in the identification of five prominent environmental degradation processes: desertification, secondary salinization, urbanization, vegetation degradation, and loss of wetlands. This analysis was carried out using ‘3S’ technologies [remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and global position system], with the layers extracted and manipulated from available topographic, climatic, and soil maps, as well as satellite image (thematic mapping in 1990 and enhanced thematic mapping in 2003) and field survey data analyses. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of a GIS. The results revealed that land use changes have affected the wider environment and accelerated land degradation, with severe damage located in southwestern Basra Province representing 28.1 % of the total area. Areas of high to moderate degradation characterize the rest of the south, representing 52.7 % of the total area; while the north of the study region is characterized by very low and low degradation levels accounting for 8.5 and 10.7 %, respectively. Iraq faces serious environmental degradation problems that must be addressed immediately; failure to do so will greatly compound the cost and complexity of later remedial efforts, with environmental degradation beginning even now to pose a major threat to human well-being, especially among the poor.     

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Remote Sensing Data Sources and Study Areas in Papers on Vegetation Cover Changes in China

The study on vegetation cover changes based on remote sensing data sources is an important component and frequent topic of earth surface process research. In order to review and summarize the remote sensing data sources and the spatio-temporal pattern of the study areas for vegetation cover changes in China from the perspective of bibliometrics and GIS spatial presentation， the information of remote sensing data sources and study areas were extracted from 1 021 papers on vegetation. Then the composition of remote sensing data sources and their temporal changes in heat which is termed as study frequency， the spatio-temporal scale characteristics of remote sensing data sources and study areas， and the distributions and change characteristics of hot study regions were analyzed. The results show that \mathrm{①} the number of papers is increasing gradually， and the frequency of each remote sensing data source is basically consistent with its available timing； \mathrm{②} the average period length of the remote sensing data used is gradually elongated， and the spatial resolution of remote sensing data is positively correlated with the size of study areas stably； \mathrm{③} the hot study regions are concentrated in the Loess Plateau area， and the core of the northern arid and semi-arid areas. These results can provide a basic reference for understanding the spatio-temporal pattern and the change trend on the utilization of remote sensing data sources and hot regions for vegetation change studies.     

航天技术在测绘、遥感和地理信息系统中的应用

简要叙述航天技术在测缓、遥感和地理信息系统中的应用现状与潜力，包括利用定位卫星的空间大地测量进行各种精度的定位测量，利用各种传感器的航天遥感进行多时相的对地观测和测图。在此基础上构成全球的、区域的和国家级的各种地理信息系统，以满足资源调查、环境保护、灾害防治和全球变化监测的需要。从四化建设和社会持续发展需要出发，对如何发展航天应用技术提出了建设性建议。测绘、遥感和地理信息系统是一个技术十分密集、服