塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界烃源岩生烃动力学参数研究

根据封闭体系黄金管热模拟实验结果,应用Kinetics专用软件,研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界不同类型烃源岩的生烃特征与动力学参数。库车坳陷侏罗系煤、碳质泥岩、泥岩及三叠系湖相泥岩具有各自的活化能分布和频率因子,揭示出其生烃行为的差异性。利用GOR-IsotopeKinetics软件,推导了库车坳陷侏罗系煤、泥岩和三叠系湖相泥岩3类烃源岩的碳同位素动力学参数。上述参数的获取,为盆地模拟、烃源岩评价、生烃量计算及资源量预测提供了重要的基础地球化学数据。      

天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究及其应用:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉2气田为例

通过有压力的黄金管封闭体系生烃模拟实验和GC-IRMS测定,结合GOR-Isotope Kinetics专用软件,求取了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩生成甲烷的碳同位素动力学参数。结合地质背景,探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。克拉2气田天然气主要来源于早中侏罗世煤系烃源岩,属阶段捕获气,为-5Ma以来的天然气聚集,对应成熟度范围Ro为1．3％-2．5％。在此基础上,建立了克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏动力学模式,从而为天然气定量评价和动态研究提供了新思路。     

库车前陆坳陷形成大气区的烃源岩条件

随着勘探的深入,库车前陆坳陷逐渐成为我国重要的大气区.本文对其形成大气区的关键条件之一的烃源岩特征进行了深入研究.库车坳陷主要分布中-上三叠统浅湖-半深湖相泥质烃源岩和中-下侏罗统煤系烃源岩,具有厚度大、丰度高、类型差和成熟度高的特点.三叠-侏罗系烃源岩具有十分丰富的天然气生成量,天然气来源不是制约库车坳陷天然气勘探的因素;根据三叠-侏罗系烃源岩的类型特征和成熟度特征认为库车坳陷资源丰富、以气为主,在天然气的生成上侏罗系烃源岩的贡献要大于三叠系.     

库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气动力学模拟研究

应用黄金管—高压釜封闭体系热模拟实验与GC、GC-IRMS分析技术,结合KINETICS专用软件,对库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气进行了动力学模拟研究。库车坳陷侏罗系煤具有高的产气性,在高演化阶段主要产甲烷气;侏罗系煤热解气甲烷碳同位素为-36‰～-25‰,乙烷碳同位素为-28‰～-16‰;甲烷、C2-C5气态烃的生成活化能分别为(47～64k)calm/ol、(55～72k)calm/ol,频率因子各为5.265×1013s-1、5.388×1018s-1。在此基础上,进一步探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。研究认为,克拉2气田天然气属阶段捕获的煤成气,主要聚集了5～1Ma时期的天然气,其成熟度Ro分布范围为1.3%～2.5%。     

应用生烃动力学方法研究库车坳陷烃源岩生烃史

根据烃源岩生烃动力学参数,结合沉积埋藏史和古热史资料,本文应用生烃动力学方法研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生烃史。研究表明,无论是煤,还是泥岩,库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生气时间发生得晚,主生气期出现在10 Ma以来的喜山期晚期,生气高峰期出现在5 Ma之后。中上三叠世烃源岩生气时间和主生气期均早于中下侏罗世烃源岩。烃源岩这种晚期生气特征,为库车坳陷天然气的晚期聚集成藏提供了非常有利的烃源条件。      

塔里木盆地深层气勘探潜势

随着浅层天然气资源勘探难度的增大,进行深层天然气勘探已成必然趋势。塔里木盆地位于中国西部,是中国最大的沉积盆地。在盆地内广泛发育有寒武系-奥陶系、石炭系-下二叠统和三叠系-侏罗系等 3套优质烃源岩,以及多套优质储层和盖层,形成了 5套区域性储盖组合。因而,该盆地具有良好深层天然气形成、储集和保存的物质基础。再结合塔里木盆地目前勘探形势,指出该盆地库车坳陷、塔北隆起、塔中隆起、巴楚隆起和塔西南坳陷具有广阔的深层气勘探前景。     

库车南斜坡中—新生界油气运移地球化学示踪

库车南部斜坡中—新生界属于库车陆相油气系统，油气主要来源于库车坳陷的三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩。本文利用色谱、色谱- 质谱及碳同位素分析手段, 对库车南部斜坡带已发现的白垩系和古近系油气地球化学组成特征进行了详细研究，在明确油气来源基础上，根据典型油气藏解剖，分析油气运移输导路径，优选油气地球化学运移参数示踪油气运移充注路径。研究表明：库车南斜坡中—新生界原油呈现低密度、低黏度、低凝固点、低含硫及高含蜡的陆相原油特征。原油总体以藻类和水生浮游生物母源为主，反映生烃母质弱还原- 弱氧化的沉积环境，体现混合型干酪根母源特征，其中白垩系原油母源以湖相水生生物为主，主要来自三叠系湖相烃源岩；古近系原油除了三叠系湖相烃源岩的贡献外，伴随有以陆生高等植物输入为主的侏罗系煤系烃源岩。天然气具有中等甲烷含量、重烃含量高、氮气含量高和无硫化氢的特点，白垩系天然气主要是三叠系湖相原油伴生油型气；古近系天然气主体属于煤成气，主要来源于中下侏罗统煤系烃源岩，部分混有早期三叠系湖相烃源岩的原油伴生油型气。区内中—新生界发育由砂体、不整合、断裂构成的复杂油气输导体系，三叠系烃源岩生成的大量原油主要是沿白垩系底部不整合或下伏连接砂体运移到白垩系下部的圈闭中，侏罗系烃源岩生成天然气主要是沿古近系底部不整合面及下伏巨厚砂体运移到古近系底砂岩段圈闭中。综合油气藿烷参数Tm/(Ts+Tm)、重排藿烷参数C30DH/C30H、甲基二苯并噻吩(MDBT)参数4- /1- 甲基二苯并噻吩、C1/C2值、iC4/nC4值、天然气烷烃碳同位素组成，认为库车南部斜坡带存在却勒到玉东构造带由北向南和英买力、红旗构造带由北东向南西方向的2个主运移充注路径和却勒到羊塔克构造带由西向东的1个次级充注运移路径，下一步油气勘探应针对不同的油气运移路径方向，优先选择主运移通道上的岩性尖灭砂体实施部署。     

再论塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠纪-侏罗纪的海泛事件

多年来的油气源对比表明,塔里木盆地库车坳陷的油气来源于三叠系-侏罗系的湖相、湖沼相烃源岩,因而探讨三叠纪-侏罗纪湖盆曾否遭受过特提斯洋海水的海泛,不仅对古地理重建,而且对烃源岩及其生油气潜力评价都具有重要的意义.笔者在该坳陷三叠系-侏罗系湖相烃源岩的生烃母质中发现了大量的各类底栖宏观藻类化石,并获得了沉积地球化学证据.据此,并结合区域古构造-古地貌演变与全球、大区域海平面升降规律的综合判断,初步认为库车坳陷在三叠纪-侏罗纪曾多次受到过特提斯洋短暂海泛的影响,其中规模最大的是晚三叠世黄山街期晚期、早侏罗世阳霞期晚期和中侏罗世恰克马克期.海泛的原因,可能与特提斯洋海平面升高和库车坳陷湖盆区-陆源区地势缓坦的联合作用有关.由于海泛改善了生烃母质类型,从而使海泛层段的源岩氢指数等表征生烃能力的指标有一定提高.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷依南2气藏成藏期次研究

依南2构造位于新疆维吾尔族自治区塔里木盆地库车坳陷克-依构造带东段的依奇克里克背斜南部。通过天然气甲烷碳同位素、储集层有机包裹体均一温度、K-Ar同位素等方面的研究及其与天然气藏成藏过程关系的研究，确定了依南2侏罗系气藏的形成期次和过程，建立了气藏的成藏模式。依南2气藏的形成是一个连续过程，天然气藏的形成经历了早期有机包裹体形成和后期气藏形成两个阶段。天然气注入开始于吉迪克末期-康村期，该阶段是包裹体形成的主要时期。康村中期以后可能是气藏形成的主要时期。气源岩天然气进入储集层的排烃方式是直接排气，进入储集层形成气藏。天然气运移距离短，散失少；并有良好的煤系泥岩作为盖层，保存条件好；因而形成了依南2侏罗系气藏，原生气藏的主要控制因素是储集层的物性。     

氩同位素用于库车坳陷天然气主力气源岩判识

稀有气体是天然气中指示其地球化学特征的重要组分,放射成因氩( Arr)的年代积累效应广泛应用于同位素定年和天然气的气源对比.本文系统地讨论了 40Ar的形成机理及其运移进入气藏的过程,利用 40Ar的母体元素 K在煤和煤系泥岩中的丰度差异,分析了以煤和煤系泥岩为母源的天然气 40Ar/36Ar同位素组成上的不同,并利用这种差异对煤系中煤岩或煤系泥岩为源岩的天然气藏的主力源岩进行了判识,继而建立了利用氩同位素组成判识煤系烃源岩主力源岩的方法.利用此方法对塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系煤与煤系泥岩互层的烃源岩进行了探讨, 数学计算结果表明该区主力源岩为煤系泥岩, 煤对天然气藏的贡献较小.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the