滇东南薄竹山花岗岩岩石学及其稀土-微量元素地球化学

薄竹山花岗岩体分两期侵入,第一期岩石类型主要为中粒黑云母二长花岗岩,SiO_2含量介于64.82%～72.01%,平均68.72%,总碱度K_2O+Na_2O=5.51%～8.2%,平均6.92%,A/CNK平均1.14,富集Rb、U、Th等微量元素和轻稀土元素,中等的Eu负异常,δEu=0.37～0.55,属过铝质花岗岩,主要形成于同碰撞阶段;第二期主要为细粒二长花岗岩,SiO_2含量变化范围75.94%～76.89%,平均76.33%,总碱度K_2O+Na_2O=7.58%～8.82%,平均8.22%,A/CNK.A/NK图上主要落在准铝质范围,微量元素Nb、Ta、Y富集,显著亏损Sr、Ba,强烈的Eu负异常,δEu=0.06～0.11,形成于板内的伸展环境.第二期花岗岩Ba、Sr亏损明显,这与强烈的Eu负异常相对应,说明第二期花岗岩经历了高度演化.     

松潘造山带金川地区观音桥晚三叠世二云母花岗岩的成因及其地质意义

松潘造山带内发育大量印支期花岗岩,这些花岗岩类对于该地区岩浆活动、基底性质和构造演化的研究有着重要的意义。金川地区观音桥二云母花岗岩位于松潘造山带东部,属于晚三叠世花岗岩。岩石具有高硅(SiO_2=72.08%~73.95%)、富碱(K_2O=4.44%~5.84%、Na_2O=3.29%~3.93%)的特征,其A/CNK值为1.08~1.22,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩类。岩石富集大离子亲石元素,亏损部分高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26~0.38)。观音桥二云母花岗岩的ε_(Nd)(t)=-7.9~-10.1(平均为-8.9)不高,Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄T_(2DM)值为1.42~1.57 Ga,显示源岩应该为中元古代地壳岩石。岩石高的Rb/Sr值和低的CaO/Na_2O值、较低的Al_2O_3/TiO_2值和低的Rb/Ba值,表明其起源于泥质源岩的部分熔融。综合地球化学、同位素特征和区域地质资料,笔者等认为金川地区观音桥二云母花岗岩是在松潘造山带挤压背景下,由中—上地壳泥质源岩发生部分熔融而形成。     

赣南地区密坑山早白垩世A型花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

密坑山-岩背地区为华南典型的锡成矿区,区内发育燕山期的花岗岩、斑岩和斑岩锡矿(如岩背锡矿)。尽管该区锡矿与花岗质岩浆作用的关系密切,但区内花岗岩的时代与成因仍然存在争议。密坑山花岗岩体为密坑山-岩背地区最大的花岗岩体,侵入于上侏罗统鸡笼嶂组流纹质凝灰熔岩及火山碎屑岩中,主体岩性为钾长花岗岩。本文报道了密坑山钾长花岗岩的时代、地球化学特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,该岩体形成于早白垩世(~138 Ma)。岩石具有高SiO_2(74.42%～76.69%),富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.37～1.94),低Al_2O_3(12.39%～13.49%)和Mg~#(11～19),弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.03～1.1),负Eu、Sr、Ba异常,富集高场强元素,以及高10000×Ga/Al比值(3.46～4.96)和略微高的锆石饱和温度(807～817℃),显示了铝质A型花岗岩的特点。同时,岩石也具有高Rb含量(842～1295)×10~(-6)、Rb/Sr比值(90～255)以及稀土元素四分组效应,显示了高分异花岗岩的特点。因此,作者认为密坑山钾长花岗岩为高分异铝质A型花岗岩。花岗岩略微偏高的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-3.4～-4.6),反映成岩过程中或其源区有地幔组分的参与。综合区域岩浆岩和构造资料,认为密坑山钾长花岗岩形成于伸展背景中,很可能与俯冲古太平洋板块的后撤所导致的岩石伸展过程有关。     

北祁连中段毛藏寺花岗闪长岩U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征

笔者研究了北祁连中段毛藏寺花岗闪长岩体的岩石学、年代学和地球化学特征。毛藏寺岩体主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年获得花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为(456±3)Ma。花岗闪长岩的SiO_2含量较高,介于65.1%～73.0%,较低的Mg#值(18～32),K_2O/Na_2O介于0.82～1.37,A/NKC=0.9～1.1,总体为高钾钙碱性准铝质花岗岩;岩石微量元素组成具富集LILE元素,亏损HFSE元素,轻重稀土分异明显[(La/Yb)N=11.1～34.1],具弱负Eu异常。综合地球化学特征和区域构造演化表明,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区为下地壳变玄武岩石,形成于同碰撞构造背景。     

阿尔泰南缘克朗盆地铁木尔特花岗岩体年龄、地球化学特征及成因

铁木尔特黑云母花岗岩出露于阿尔泰造山带南缘克朗盆地北西侧,岩体主要为黑云母花岗岩。锆石的SHRIMPU-Pb定年结果表明该岩体结晶年龄为459±4.9Ma。岩石具有高的SiO_2(71.92%～76.58%)和Al_2O_3(12.92%～14.55%)含量,富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.09%～8.11%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.1～1.62)、低P_2O_5(0.14%)和MgO+FeO(5%)含量,强过铝质(ACNK=1.13～1.34);富集LREE和Th、U、Pb,贫Ba、P、Sr、Ti、Nb,呈现明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.33～0.53);并具有低的Al_2O_3/TiO_2(100)比值和高的CaO/Na_2O(0.3)比值。以上特征表明该岩体属高钾钙碱性高温型强过铝花岗岩。同时岩石具有低的Sr初始值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.701727～0.709951)和相对高的ε_(Nd)(459Ma)(-1.43～-0.98)值,两阶段Nd模式年龄较为均一(t_(2DM)=1.2～1.3Ga)。岩体的原始岩浆可能是富含白云母和黑云母的变泥质岩在大于875℃的条件下脱水熔融的产物,在部分熔融过程中有磷灰石、斜长石、钛铁矿等矿物的残留,并混入少量的幔源物质。结合阿尔泰南缘的区域地质背景综合分析,推测岩体形成于俯冲作用的初期,可能是在挤压背景下由于局部伸展减压以及异常地幔和深部热流不均匀上升提供的热影响发生的部分熔融产生。     

浙闽沿海晚中生代伸展构造的岩石学标志:东极岛镁铁质岩墙群

在浙江舟山群岛之东极岛上,出露大规模的镁铁质岩墙群,它们沿晚中生代花岗岩和火山碎屑岩的节理侵位,产状近于直立且与围岩截然接触,指示岩墙岩浆以主动方式沿构造裂隙侵入。东极岛镁铁质岩墙群的岩性主要是角闪辉绿岩,全岩Ar-Ar年龄为93.4Ma。在地球化学上,它们属弱碱性系列,SiO_2含量为46.88%～52.55%,CaO 5.40%～7.82%,Al_2O_316.30%～17.31%,TiO_2 1.53%～1.18%,(Na_2O+K_2O)4.62%～6.88%,Mg~#=34～42;具有轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Sr、K、Rb、Ba等)富集、高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Ta等)亏损等特点,它们的I_(Sr)为0.7084～0.7098,ε_(Nd)(t)为-3.21～-8.11,与福建沿海的镁铁质岩墙群及浙闽沿海晚中生代基性岩浆岩(辉长岩/辉绿岩和玄武岩)相似。它们由起源于受消减作用影响的岩石圈地幔部分熔融而产生并受地壳混染的玄武岩浆,在伸展构造环境中形成,是浙闽沿海晚中生代伸展构造的重要岩石学标志。     

阿尔泰乌希里克地区满克依顶萨依岩体地球化学特征、形成时代及其构造环境

阿尔泰乌希里克地区位于西伯利亚板块阿尔泰陆缘活动带的阿尔泰古生代深成岩浆弧内,花岗岩广泛分布。通过对满克依顶萨依岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和岩石地球化学分析,探讨该岩体形成的时代及构造环境。乌希里克南部满克依顶萨依岩体中细粒白云母二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为217.9±2.3Ma,表明岩体侵位于早中生代晚三叠世早期。岩石具有高的SiO_2(70.86%~74.32%)和Al_2O_3(14.51%~14.96%)含量,低P_2O_5(0.24%~0.33%)和MgO+FeO(0.39%~1.25%)含量,富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=8.07%~8.29%),具有低的CaO/Na_2O值(0.13~0.30,≤0.3)。以上特征表明,该岩体属高钾钙碱性过铝质岩类,具有S型花岗岩的典型特征。结合前人研究成果综合分析,推测岩体形成于板内(陆内)环境,与地幔柱有关。岩体主要由源自地壳的泥质沉积物部分熔融形成,在部分熔融过程中有富钙的斜长石、钛铁矿等矿物的残留。     

扬子地块西缘新元古代泸沽A型花岗岩成因与变泥质岩熔融

前人对扬子地块西缘新元古代I型和S型花岗岩开展了深入的研究工作,但有关A型花岗岩的研究则鲜有报道,其岩石成因及大地构造意义仍存较大争议。文章选择最新发现的泸沽A型花岗岩体为研究对象,开展系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石学和地球化学研究,探讨其成因机制和地质意义。泸沽花岗岩由钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析显示其结晶年龄分别为(806±5)Ma和(815±5)Ma,属新元古代岩浆活动产物。岩石具有高硅(SiO_2=71.2%~76.1%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O=6.73%~8.95%)、高K_2O/Na_2O比值(1.89~3.60)和强过铝质(A/CNK=1.07~1.49)的特征。[FeO~T/(FeO~T+Mg O)]-SiO_2和[(Na_2O+K_2O)-CaO]-SiO_2图解均指示泸沽花岗岩为铁质碱钙性A型花岗岩。泸沽花岗岩具有较高的稀土元素含量(∑REE=221×10~(-6)~387×10~(-6)),具有轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损的特征((La/Yb)N=3.42~9.69),具有明显Eu的负异常(δEu=0.10~0.34)。泸沽花岗岩具有较高的Zr、Nb、Ce和Y含量,具有较高的Ga/Al、Y/Nb、Yb/Ta和Ce/Nb比值,显示出典型的A2型花岗岩特征。综合元素地球化学及区域地质资料,文章提出泸沽新元古代铝质A2型花岗岩起源于新元古代早期俯冲造山过程中的变泥质岩熔融。     

东昆仑马尼特地区晚三叠世侵入岩地球化学特征及地质意义

马尼特地区位于东昆仑阿尼玛卿成矿带,为确定该区石英闪长岩的形成时代、源区性质和构造背景,笔者对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和同位素和地球化学研究。结果显示岩体侵位时间为(206.8±1.7)Ma(MSWK=0.50),属于晚三叠世。岩石SiO_2含量为57.17%～68.55%,Na_2O、K_2O含量分别为3.31%～5.39%和1.52%～3.37%,全碱ALK=5.19%～7.24%,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.93～1.25,属准铝质-弱过铝质系列岩石。稀土元素分布模式为轻稀土富集,具弱负Eu异常。岩石具有富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K)和不相容元素(U、Th),不同程度亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等元素的特征。以上特征表明,岩石为钙碱性-高钾钙碱性的I型花岗岩,结合岩石成岩年龄、地球化学特征以及区域构造演化,岩石具有后碰撞岩浆活动的特征,推测其属于东昆仑地块与巴颜喀拉地块碰撞后地壳部分熔融的产物。     

西藏卡贡地区晚寒武世错多勤石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

对卡贡地区错多勤石英闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年工作,获得该岩体的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为495.9±3.2 Ma(MSWD=1.8,n=24),属于晚寒武世的产物。岩石地球化学特征表明,岩石具有低钾富钠(Na_2O/K_2O=4.16～5.47)、低碱(K_2O+Na_2O=6.41%～6.67%)、低铝(Al_2O_3=14.64%～14.98%,A/CNK≈0.9)的特征,属于低钾钙碱性准铝质I型花岗岩。岩石稀土元素总体表现为轻稀土元素相对富集的左陡右缓的右倾型,相对亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,具有岛弧型花岗岩的特征。结合区域地质资料分析,该岩体与区内原特提斯洋的俯冲存在成因联系,错多勤石英闪长岩的发现有助于进一步探索原特提斯洋演化过程。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.