基于信息量模型的地质灾害易发性评价:以川东南古蔺县为例

地质灾害威胁着山区人民生命财产安全,进行地质灾害易发性评价有助于山区城镇进行规划与建设时规避灾害风险.以川东南古蔺县为例,基于ArcGIS空间分析获取了研究区高程、坡度、岩性、斜坡结构、植被指数、距断层距离和距道路距离7个评价因子,采用信息量模型分别对滑坡和崩塌灾害进行易发性评价后,进一步利用ArcGIS单元统计功能对...     

商城县地质灾害气象预警研究

绝大多数地质灾害由人类工程活动和降雨协同作用诱发,降雨是滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害的主要激发因子,气象预报预警可有效预警滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害。商城县滑坡、崩塌、泥石流地质灾害发育,以地质灾害易发性区划图为基础划分为4个地质灾害预警区。充分考虑降雨对地质灾害发生的影响,对重点预警区及次重点预警区采用临界日综合有效过程降雨量模型判据法,进行地质灾害气象预警预报。     

北京的地质灾害

<正>地质灾害是指由于自然或人为因素诱发的对人民生命和财产安全造成危害的地质现象。根据灾害发生的动态特征,分为突发性地质灾害和缓发性地质灾害,北京的地质灾害以突发性的为主。北京面积16410平方公里,其中山区1 0072平方公里,占61.4%,三面环山,总体地势西北高,东南低。突发地质灾害主要发生在山区,主要有泥石流、崩塌、滑坡和采空塌陷。泥石流是北京山区最严重的地质灾害     

河北省顺平县地质灾害发育特征及易发性评价

河北省顺平县位于太行山东麓，主要发育有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地裂缝等四种类型地质灾害。基于该县地质灾害发育特征，采用GIS技术和信息量数学评价模型，选取坡度、起伏度、坡向、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、与河流的距离6个评价因子，对顺平县地质灾害进行易发性评价。评价结果显示:高易发区面积约为125 km2，占全县总面积的17.5%，分散分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区，密集发育崩塌灾害，少量发育滑坡、泥石流灾害；中易发区面积约为200 km2，占全县总面积的28.0%，成片分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区，少量发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害；低易发区面积约为389 km2，占全县总面积的54.5%，主要分布于东南部的平原地区及西北部丘陵地区内的宽阔沟谷，沿古河道发育地裂缝灾害，个别地区发育崩塌、滑坡灾害。      

基于栅格最大值法的县域综合地质灾害建模

四川省地形高低悬殊,岩性构造发育,各类地质灾害频发,开展地质灾害易发性评价具有重要意义.崩塌、泥石流属于广义上的滑坡,以四川省丹巴县为例,从考虑不同滑坡类别的区域性地质灾害易发性出发综合考虑崩塌、滑坡、泥石流的空间概率分布.基于ArcGIS通过高精度数字高程模型共选取高程、坡度等10个地质灾害关键控制因素,采用信息量模...     

滑坡易发性评价的层次分析法研究——以贵州省普安县为例

评价方法的合理选择是获取正确滑坡地质灾害易发性评价结果的关键环节。本文以贵州省黔西南州普安县为例,在全面分析区内地层岩性、地形地貌、地质构造和水文地质等条件对滑坡灾害影响的基础上,采用层次分析法建立了具有针对性的滑坡灾害易发性评价指标体系,并开展了实际应用。评价结果在县境内划分出了极高、高、中和低易发区四个区域,对比分析显示评价结果与区内滑坡灾害发育宏观认识与实际分布情况吻合较好,证明了该方法在山区滑坡地质灾害易发性评价中的有效性与实用性。     

层次分析法在平凉市崆峒区城市地质灾害易发性评价中的应用

本文通过对平凉市崆峒区城市地质灾害调查数据的综合分析,采用层次分析法构建崆峒区城区地质灾害易发性评价指标体系,根据城区地质灾害分布发育特征,建立崩塌、滑坡、泥石流地质灾害易发性层次结构模型,确定其影响因素权重,对崆峒区城市范围的地质灾害易发性进行了分区评价,其评价结果与实际条件比较吻合。其区划成果对崆峒区城市发展规划、减灾防灾以及灾害治理提供了可靠的依据,为开展黄土高原河谷阶地型城市地质灾害易发性评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价

针对崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等灾种齐全的高山峡谷区,选取四川省阿坝县为研究区,采用多灾种耦合的评价思路,开展地质灾害危险性精细化评价。崩塌、滑坡等斜坡类灾害危险性评价以栅格为评价单元,泥石流灾害危险性评价以流域为评价单元。基于信息量模型和层次分析法,分别开展危险性评价,进而采用取大值的方法,获取研究区综合地质灾害危险性评价结果。研究表明,工作区综合地质灾害极高危险区、高危险区面积明显大于单灾种评价结果,极高危险区、高危险区主要位于崩塌、滑坡较发育的碎裂岩区域和极度易发的泥石流流域。针对高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价,多灾种耦合的评价思路能更合理的反映不同类型灾害在形态及空间上的差异,获取更精确的危险性评价结果。     

基于GIS的地质灾害易发性分区评价——以甘肃省会宁县为例

会宁县地处甘肃省中部,地质灾害极为发育,共发育有崩塌16处、滑坡12处、泥石流7条,地质灾害已对研究区造成了重大经济损失。为了对会宁县地质灾害易发性进行分区评价及指导防灾减灾,在区域地质灾害调查的基础上,建立了地质灾害数据库,采用层次分析法和GIS空间分析统计方法,选取14个基础指标,建立了会宁县地质灾害易发性分析评价模型,对评价单元叠加分析计算及验证分析,将会宁县地质灾害的易发程度划分为3个区,即高易发区、中易发区和低易发区。通过专家评审法检验地质灾害易发性评价结果,认为评价结果与实际地质灾害情况相符性较好,可以为制定会宁县地质灾害综合防治措施提供依据。     

基于GIS的地质灾害易发性分区评价——以甘肃省会宁县为例

会宁县地处甘肃省中部,地质灾害极为发育,共发育有崩塌16处、滑坡12处、泥石流7条,地质灾害已对研究区造成了重大经济损失。为了对会宁县地质灾害易发性进行分区评价及指导防灾减灾,在区域地质灾害调查的基础上,建立了地质灾害数据库,采用层次分析法和GIS空间分析统计方法,选取14个基础指标,建立了会宁县地质灾害易发性分析评价模型,对评价单元叠加分析计算及验证分析,将会宁县地质灾害的易发程度划分为3个区,即高易发区、中易发区和低易发区。通过专家评审法检验地质灾害易发性评价结果,认为评价结果与实际地质灾害情况相符性较好,可以为制定会宁县地质灾害综合防治措施提供依据。     

北京山区泥石流专业监测技术要求及实践

泥石流是北京山区主要突发地质灾害之一,虽然发育规模以中小型居多,但危险性很大,开展专业监测十分必要。科学选取监测对象、合理选择监测方法、监测设备类型和可靠的安装位置,明确监测技术要求,是泥石流监测预警的关键。根据北京市突发地质灾害监测预警系统(二期工程)建设的工作实践,在北京山区泥石流特征分析的基础上,总结得出泥石流监测对象选择、监测方法及设备、监测点位确定方法及技术要求等,并以小梁后沟印子峪泥石流专业监测实践为例,验证了上述原则、方法和技术的合理性。研究成果可为泥石流监测预警的前期选点工作提供思路方法和借鉴参考。     

Multi-geohazards susceptibility mapping based on machine learning—a case study in Jiuzhaigou,China

Jiuzhaigou, located in the transitional area between the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin, is highly prone to geological hazards (e.g., rock fall, landslide, and debris flow). High-performance-based hazard prediction models, therefore, are urgently required to prevent related hazards and manage potential emergencies. Current researches mainly focus on susceptibility of single hazard but ignore that different types of geological hazards might occur simultaneously under a complex environment. Here, we firstly built a multi-geohazard inventory from 2000 to 2015 based on a geographical information system and used satellite data in Google earth and then chose twelve conditioning factors and three machine learning methods—random forest, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)—to generate rock fall, landslide, and debris flow susceptibility maps. The results show that debris flow models presented the best prediction capabilities [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC 0.95)], followed by rock fall (AUC 0.94) and landslide (AUC 0.85). Additionally, XGBoost outperformed the other two methods with the highest AUC of 0.93. All three methods with AUC values larger than 0.84 suggest that these models have fairly good performance to assess geological hazards susceptibility. Finally, evolution index was constructed based on a joint probability of these three hazard models to predict the evolution tendency of 35 unstable slopes in Jiuzhaigou. The results show that these unstable slopes are likely to evolve into debris flows with a probability of 46%, followed by landslides (43%) and rock falls (29%). Higher susceptibility areas for geohazards were mainly located in the southeast and middle of Jiuzhaigou, implying geohazards prevention and mitigation measures should be taken there in near future.

     

Quantifying the impact of human activities on geological hazards in mountainous areas: evidence from Shennongjia,China

An increasing number of geological hazards threaten human life and property in mountainous areas, especially in China. Existing studies on the prevention of geological hazards mainly focus on natural factors and ignore the impact of human activities on geological hazards. This study aims to enrich our knowledge of the impact of human activities through a case study from the Shennongjia mountainous area, China. Spatial regression models were used to quantify the impact of different construction activities on geological hazards based on remote sensing images, local statistical data, land-use data and geological hazards distribution data. The Shennongjia case revealed the following: (1) The global Moran’s I index of the distribution of geological hazards was 0.35, which showed obvious spatial autocorrelation characteristics. (2) From the multiple model comparison, the spatial lag model was more suitable for quantifying the impact of human activities on geological hazards than the least squares regression model and the spatial error model. (3) Road construction and building construction were the main causes of geological hazards, whereas agricultural activities and mining activities had only a limited effect. The evidence reported here could enable governments to constrain human activities and to reduce the geological hazards in mountainous areas across China and beyond.     

南方山地丘陵区典型地质灾害成因机制与风险评价

南方山地丘陵区地域跨度大,地质灾害孕灾背景复杂、成灾模式多样,是我国地质灾害高易发区。针对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害潜在风险高的问题,在中国地质调查局“南方山地丘陵区地质灾害调查工程”实施进展基础上,对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害控灾的气候动力特征及地质构造背景进行了系统分析,对典型地质灾害成灾模式和多尺度风险调查评价示范性成果进行了总结,揭示了东南沿海地区典型台风地质灾害、南方岩溶塌陷、西南高寒山区冰碛土泥石流及川西高原区火后泥石流形成机理与物源侵蚀机制。在此基础上,开展了南方山地丘陵区基于县域、重点城镇及典型灾害点的多尺度地质灾害风险评价应用示范,相关成果在西南重大工程规划选线及县城搬迁选址中得到应用。     

浅谈城镇地质灾害危险性评价与防治对策 ——以甘肃省天水市麦积区三岔乡为例

甘肃省天水市麦积区三岔乡不稳定斜坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害十分发育,灾情、险情严重。本文拟以甘肃省天水市麦积区三岔乡为例,研讨地质灾害在不同工况条件下的稳定状态及形成机制,确定地质灾害的发生概率,评价地质灾害危险性,并预测地质灾害威胁范围。结合地质灾害易发程度分区评价,进行地质灾害危险性分区评价、工程建设适宜区划分,并提出科学有效的地质灾害防治对策。     

川藏铁路卡子拉山滑坡发育特征与防灾减灾对策

为查明川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口规划建设区地质灾害特征,评价其在川藏铁路建设和运营期间可能遭受的地质灾害风险,采用高精度遥感、机载LiDAR、工程地质勘查等“空-天-地”一体化技术对该隧道进口规划区开展调查研究。结果表明:川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口规划区内发育有1#、2#滑坡和俄洛堆不稳定斜坡;1#滑坡规模约32.48×106 m3,2#滑坡规模约10.15×106 m3,均为已发生的特大型岩质滑坡;俄洛堆不稳定斜坡位于2处滑坡中部,规模约35.80×104 m3,下部为强风化岩体,上部为碎石土结构,为中型复合型结构斜坡。评价认为:川藏铁路卡子拉山隧道进口选线从2处滑坡体中部山脊穿过,2处滑坡对铁路选线未构成地质安全风险,但隧道进口穿过的俄洛堆不稳定斜坡存在潜在地质安全风险;1#、2#滑坡体在天然工况下处于稳定状态,俄洛堆不稳定斜坡在天然和地震工况下处于稳定状态,在暴雨工况下处于欠稳定状态。为规避工程建设扰动诱发潜在的滑坡风险,建议将卡子拉山隧道选线进口向东南侧平移,通过边坡开挖的合理设计、施工期间的实时监测及运营期间的针对性治理等措施,从源头上对潜在滑坡风险进行防控,以保证工程建设及运营安全。研究结果可为川藏铁路选线提供科学的地质依据。     

基于证据权法的昆明五华区地质灾害易发性评价

地质灾害易发性评价是国土空间规划和区域地质灾害防灾减灾的重要依据。为探索适合云南高原低山丘陵区地质灾害易发性评价方法,论文选择云南省昆明市五华区为典型研究区,选择工程地质岩组、距断裂构造线距离、高程、坡度、坡向、坡面曲率、距公路线距离和土地利用类型等8个因素,应用基于贝叶斯理论的证据权法进行地质灾害易发性评价,通过对各...     

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo‐environmental Suitability in Worst‐hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

Abstract: The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction, traffic and electricity. It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes. This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation, water and land resources security demonstration and integrated assessments of geo-environmental suitability for reconstruction in alp and ravine with high magnitude earthquakes, which are applied in the worst-hit areas (12 counties). The integrated assessment shows that: (1) located in the Longmenshan fault zone, the evaluated area is of poor regional crust stability, in which the unstable and second unstable areas account for 79% of the total; (2) the geo-hazards susceptibility is high in the evaluation area. The spots of geo-hazards triggered by earthquake are mainly distributed along the active fault zone with higher distribution in the moderate and high mountains area, in which the areas of high and moderate susceptibility zoning accounts for 40.1% of the total; (3) geological security is poor in the evaluated area, in which the area of the unsuitable construction occupies 73.1%, whereas in the suitable construction area, the areas of geological security, second security and insecurity zoning account for 8.3%, 9.3% and 9.3% of the evaluated area respectively; (4) geo-environmental suitability is poor in the evaluated area , in which the areas of suitability and basic suitability zoning account for 3.5% and 7.3% of the whole evaluation area.     

Landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment in San Ramón Ravine, Santiago de Chile, from an engineering geological approach

Debris flows and soil and rock slides are among the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of Central Chile. Geological risk associated with the development of landslides, especially debris flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain into the capital city, Santiago, has increased in time due to accelerated urban expansion. A landslide hazard evaluation in the San Ramón Ravine, located within the foothills of Santiago is presented. Hazard evaluation is based on a methodology that combines the determination of landslide susceptibility calculated by integration of conditioning factors, with the assessment of slope failure and runout probabilities incorporating geotechnical engineering approaches. The methodology is appropriate for medium or subregional scale studies with limited data. The results show that in San Ramón Ravine the landslide hazard consists mainly of debris flows, rock block slides, rock falls and shallow soil slides. Among these, debris flows are the most important due to the urban area that can be affected. Other case studies show that the method can be used in other regions with minor adaptations for territorial planning or for engineering and environmental purposes.     

北京地区突发性地质灾害危险度评价

北京地区地质构造条件复杂,新构造活动频繁,人为活动剧烈,故地质灾害较为发育。主要的突发性地质灾害有泥石流、采空塌陷、崩塌以及地裂缝等。本文在北京市各区县地质灾害调查与区划工作的基础上,对北京地区的突发性地质灾害的发育情况进行了深入调查和分析。采用袭扰系数法,对突发性地质灾害的易发程度进行了综合评价。采用模糊综合评判模型,对影响地质灾害演变趋势的降雨条件、人类工程活动、地震活动以及区域岩组结构等因素进行了综合评判。并在此基础上．对突发性地质灾害的危险度进行了评价和预测,将北京地区划分出了地质灾害高风险区、地质灾害中风险区及地质灾害低风险区。