特殊的地表岩溶形态及成因探讨

对金沙江溪洛渡电站区二叠系下统( P1 )灰岩岩溶发育规律综合研究后发现: 本区内的岩溶洼地多为“半边岩溶洼地” ;岩溶漏斗四周为玄武岩碎块的“特殊类型岩溶漏斗” ;分布于1100m高程的岩溶湖也多是顺岩层走向发育的岩溶湖。      

贵州碳酸盐岩的分布特征及其对岩溶地下水的控制

贵州遍布碳酸盐岩,这些碳酸盐岩控制了丰富的岩溶地下水分布。由于碳酸盐岩空间分布不均匀,岩溶地下水空间分布也不均匀,导致贵州岩溶山区找水的成功率较低。为了提高找水的准确率,减少经济损失,需要对贵州碳酸盐岩相与岩溶地下水的空间分布特征进行研究。本文基于资料收集和野外地质调查,运用MPGIS工具,编制了相应图件。研究结果表明,贵州碳酸盐岩相主要分布在北部、西部和南部,其中南部和西部主要为开阔台地相的石灰岩区,北部和东北部主要为局限台地相的白云岩区,西北部和西南部主要为开阔台地相石灰岩与局限台地相白云岩互层区,西南的安龙-贞丰-紫云-罗甸一带和贵阳青岩、安顺地区主要为台地边缘相礁灰岩分布区;开阔台地相石灰岩控制下的岩溶地下水为溶洞-管道水,局限台地相白云岩控制下的岩溶地下水为溶孔-溶隙水,开阔台地相与局限台地相互层控制下的岩溶地下水为溶隙-溶洞水,台地边缘相礁灰岩控制下的岩溶地下水为岩溶洞-管道水。该研究结果对贵州岩溶地下水的寻找和开发以及提高找水准确率具有重要的指导意义。     

川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组古岩溶储层特征及发育主控因素

受中三叠世末印支运动早期的影响,川西地区中三叠统碳酸盐岩普遍受到剥蚀和岩溶作用。通过多口井和多个露头剖面的岩心、岩屑观察分析和地球化学分析表明,该区中三叠统雷口坡组顶,古表生岩溶特征明显。古岩溶作用为雷口坡组顶储层的发育创造了条件,雷口坡组上部发育了一套岩溶孔隙型储层,主要分布于四段上亚段,在新场地区储层段累计厚度达38～75m,岩性主要为微—粉晶白云岩、灰质白云岩、白云质灰岩、(藻)砂屑白云岩及(藻)砂屑灰岩等,以Ⅱ—Ⅲ类储层为主。认为该套储层的发育主要受岩性组合、微古地貌及埋藏期岩溶作用控制。     

岩溶风化壳形成演化及其循环意义

灰岩溶蚀速率快而难溶物含量很低的特点显示岩溶区厚层连续风化壳的形成需要消耗巨厚的碳酸盐岩地层,有利于地貌向准平原化方向发展.由于岩溶作用对地下水动力条件的敏感性,在地下水以垂直作用方式为主的地区会出现“土壤丢失”现象,导致溶蚀残余物质或地表原有的风化壳转入近地表岩溶裂隙(为石漠化提供了有利条件) ,从根本上制约了地表残余物质的长时间积累和连续风化壳的持续发展。所以,厚层连续的风化壳只能发育于地下水以水平作用方式为主的水文地质条件下,而这种条件从大的时间、空间尺度上只能出现在地貌发育晚期已经接近侵蚀基准的夷平面上,因此,厚层连续的岩溶风化壳具有明确的旋回意义。      

宜万铁路野三关隧道“8.5”突水事故成因分析

2007年8月5日宜(昌)万(州)铁路野三关隧道发生了重大的岩溶突水事故.在岩溶水文地质调查的基础上,对野三关隧道所处流域两个主要岩溶洼地以NaCl为示踪剂进行了充水水源和充水途径的示踪试验.两次示踪试验结果查明水洞坪岩溶洼地是"8.5"突水事故的主要水源,茅口组灰岩中发育的周家包暗河被F18断裂切割,将暗河水导入隧道形成突水事故.稻子坪的水在隧道突水段西以渗-涌水的形式进入隧道.水洞坪示踪实验得出二叠系栖霞-茅口组岩溶含水层中的地下水流速为50 m/h.稻子坪示踪试验得到茅口组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为45.5 m/h;大冶组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为10.8 m/h.本示踪结果为宜万铁路野三关隧道的后期恢复施工和防渗工作提供了依据,并为岩溶地区深埋隧道的设计和施工提供了试验和分析工作的实例参考.     

鄂尔多斯盆地周边地区岩溶发育模式及岩溶地下水开发利用探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶区岩溶含水岩组主要由奥陶系和寒武系灰岩组成,岩溶发育受层状裂隙和构造裂隙控制,主要分布在盆地的东缘、南缘和西缘。文中通过对鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶区碳酸盐岩分布特征和埋藏条件的分析,提出3种岩溶发育模式:斜坡顺层岩溶发育模式、裂谷逆层岩溶发育模式和逆冲断层岩溶发育模式,对3种模式下岩溶发育的地质构造特点、水动力及水化学条件、岩溶发育特点进行分析和总结。初步探讨了3种模式下岩溶地下水资源量和开发利用规划。结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶地下水具有巨大的开发潜力。     

徐州岩溶塌陷时空分布规律及成因分析

文章通过对以往岩溶地面塌陷勘查工作成果进行系统梳理,揭示了徐州地区裸露型岩溶和覆盖型岩溶的分布规律及历史上岩溶塌陷的时空分布特征,发现塌陷的分布具有明显的规律性:(1)塌陷受废黄河断裂带控制,离废黄河断裂带越近岩溶发育越强烈,离废黄河断裂带较远的部位岩溶发育明显减弱;(2)塌陷主要分布于浅部岩溶强烈发育地段的奥陶系灰岩中,少数分布于寒武系灰岩之中;(3)塌陷集中分布在古河道形成的,砂性土单层结构地段,少数分布在砂性土-黏性土双层结构地段;(4)塌陷全部位于岩溶水开采降落漏斗内。结合岩溶塌陷的时间与地下水的动态活动过程之间的关系,全面分析地面塌陷形成的原因,提出了古河道与废黄河断裂带的重叠部位为岩溶地面塌陷发生的有利部位,但最终发生地面塌陷则是人类工程活动过程引起岩溶水位剧烈波动——大幅、快速下降的结果。该研究成果可为徐州市今后进一步防治岩溶塌陷地质灾害提供地质科学依据,有重要的实用价值。      

桂林岩溶区电测资料的推断解释

桂林地区,广泛分布着上泥盆统融县灰岩和桂林灰岩,岩溶十分发育.了解浮土覆盖下基岩(主要是石灰岩)的起伏状况,调查溶洞、裂隙、溶沟、溶槽及落水洞等的赋存部位,可以研究它们对工程建筑的影响和寻找地下水.在无产阶级文化大革命和批林批孔运动的推动下,近几年来,为了满足本地     

岩溶及水动力对鸡尾山滑坡影响作用研究

鸡尾山特大型滑坡是我国西南岩溶石山地区一种独特的大型岩质斜坡失稳模式,它得到工程地质等领域极大重视,从滑坡成因和机理、滑坡启动以及运动过程、堆积物分布、次生灾害等方面都开展了一系列研究,取得了众多成果;对于滑坡结构面和滑动面方面认为:垂直结构面由两组构成,水平滑动面则为软弱夹层。本文通过野外地质调查,样品测试、综合分析等方法,查明了滑坡区岩溶及裂隙发育特征、软弱夹层及其下伏瘤状灰岩分布特征、岩溶地下水补径排条件;发现了大量瘤状灰岩块石分布于滑坡堆积体中;深入讨论了岩溶与滑坡垂直结构面、水平滑动面的关系。主要结论:(1)存在3组垂直结构面,它们对应由3组构造裂隙经过长期溶蚀侵蚀作用后形成;(2)部分滑动面已经越过软弱夹层、进入或越过瘤状灰岩,因此,滑动面主要由顺层岩溶、岩层间弱胶结、软弱夹层等条件控制;(3)岩溶地下水对滑坡孕灾过程中垂直结构面、以及水平滑动面起到扩张作用,在滑坡启动期无水动力作用。本文研究对鸡尾山滑坡成因分析及研判有一定实际意义。     

蔚县矿区奥陶系下统灰岩岩溶发育规律及煤层开采对策研究

在充分收集蔚县矿区勘探资料、生产矿井资料的基础上,进行了归纳整理与分析研究,总结出矿区奥陶系下统灰岩岩溶发育规律(岩溶发育程度在平面上划分为三个区,垂向上大致可分为三个带)及岩溶水的赋存条件,并提出了受奥陶系下统岩溶水威胁的1、5号煤层的以防为主,带压开采、不直接疏排岩溶水的技术和方法和开采对策。     

Hydrogeology of karst aquifer systems in SW Turkey and an assessment of water quality and contamination problems

The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between groundwater flow and water quality of different ground and surface water basins in the southwest Turkey. In addition, groundwater vulnerability is assessed taking into consideration groundwater flow and quality. The autochthonous Beydaglari limestone is the major karstic aquifer in the region. According to the groundwater level map of alluvium aquifers in the basins, groundwater discharge toward the carbonate aquifer is direct and indirect. The hydrogeological connection between ground and surface water basins occurs via the karstic aquifer located at the bottom of the alluvium bottom. In Egirdir lake, water also discharges in the karstic aquifer via karstic sinkholes at the western border of the lake. In the research area, general groundwater discharge is toward the Mediterranean Sea by means of autochthonous carbonate system, according to hydrogeological investigations, research of lineament and hydraulic conductivities. This result is supported by the locations of lineaments and shore springs discharging from the limestone. In addition, spreading of contaminants via karstic aquifer to great distance has been clearly identified.     

Hydrogeology and vulnerability map (Epik method) of the “Supramonte” karstic system, north-central Sardinia

The Supramonte limestone complex, of Jurassic–Cretaceous age, lies within the municipal borders of Urzulei, Oliena and Orgosolo (north-central Sardinia). For the most part, the Supramonte groundwater drains towards the outcrops in the northernmost part of the massif. A minor, almost negligible quantity of water drains towards a series of outcrops along the edge of the carbonate structure, with numerous subaerial and submarine springs. The groundwater in the entire system represents one of the most important water resources in Sardinia, especially for drinking purposes. Taking into consideration the development of karst cavities, permanent groundwater reserves were cautiously estimated to be at least 144 Mm³. Intrinsic vulnerability to pollution has been assessed by means of the EPIK method.     

Karst terranes and environmental aspects

Karst is a complex geological phenomenon that relates to terranes composed of limestone, dolomites, gypsum, halite, or other soluble rocks. Protection of groundwater in karst against pollution is needed because of the high velocity of its flow (several hundreds of thousands of meters per day) and where polluted materials are carried without being filtered. Protection of karstic aquifers against pathogens and rapidly degradable chemicals is carried out for the catchment areas with an estimated delay time of 60 days and for a distance of more than 30 m. Tracer methods have recently become quite useful in karst regions; a tracer may respond as a multiimpulse because of different flow lines, flow velocities, and water aquifers. Therefore, if a total water balance has to be established, nearly all answer-back impulses should be considered.     

岩溶塌陷的类型、成因机制及防治途径──兼论武汉市岩溶塌陷勘查工作要点

按岩溶塌陷的类型, 对其成因机制作了分析。在此基础上, 提出了武汉市岩溶塌陷勘查与防治工作要点。     

应城汤池镇岩溶地面塌陷成因与防治

汤池镇位于两组断裂交汇处，下伏震旦系碳酸盐岩中赋存岩溶热水。每年冬季超量开采地热使地下水位骤降37m，产生真空吸蚀、失托增荷等作用，破坏上覆岩土体结构，周而复始，导致7处地面塌陷。目前塌陷的解除性依然存在，为防治地面塌陷必须减少冬季开采量，严格控制水位降深小于16m。     

Reconstruction of natural groundwater flow paths in the multiple aquifer system of the northern Negev (Israel), based on lithological and structural evidence

 The Judea Group, a limestone and dolomite karstic aquifer of late Albian–Turonian age, is one of the most important sources of water in Israel. In the western part of the country, the Judea Group aquifer is also known as the Yarkon–Taninim basin. In the northern Negev, the Judea Group is a recipient for fresh water flowing southward from the Hebron Mountains and of brackish paleowater flowing northward from Sinai. Very little is known of the hydraulic properties of this aquifer. In order to outline assumed natural flow paths that existed in this karstic environment prior to groundwater exploitation, use was made of lithological, structural, and paleomorphological features. A detailed hydrogeological conceptual model of the Judea Group aquifer in northern Negev was established by the geological interpretation of high-resolution seismic reflection and by analysis of lithological evidence from boreholes. Isopach, isolith-contour, and isolith-ratio maps were compiled for the main lithological components. Increase in transmissivity values is inversely proportional with the cumulative thickness of argillaceous components. The lithological and hydraulic evidence provides the basis for subdividing the subsurface into distinctive permeability zones for the upper and lower sections of the aquifer; for outlining possible preferential groundwater flow paths for both subaquifers; and for improving understanding of groundwater-salinty variations that result from lithological variability, direction of groundwater flow paths, groundwater flow rates, and the duration of rock/water interactions. In an earlier conceptual model of the basin, the Judea Group aquifer was regarded as a continuous and undisturbed entity. The present study reveals an intricate groundwater flow pattern that is controlled by lithological and structural factors that create zones of preferential flow. This interpretation bears on the overall evaluation of groundwater resources and their management and exploitation. Received, December 1996 · Revised, October 1997, June 1998 · Accepted, July 1998     

Geology and evolution of lakes in north-central Florida

 Fluid exchange between surficial waters and groundwater in karst environments, and the processes that control exchange, are of critical concern to water management districts and planners. High-resolution seismic data were collected from 30 lakes of north-central Florida. In each case study, lake structure and geomorphology were controlled by solution and/or mechanical processes. Processes that control lake development are twofold: (1) karstification or dissolution of the underlying limestone, and (2) the collapse, subsidence, or slumping of overburden to form sinkholes. Initial lake formation is directly related to the karst topography of the underlying host limestone. Case studies have shown that lakes can be divided by geomorphic types into progressive developmental phases: (1) active subsidence or collapse phase (young); (2) transitional phase (middle age); (3) baselevel phase (mature); and (4) polje (drowned prairie) – broad flat-bottom that have one or all phases of sinkhole. Using these criteria, Florida lakes can be classified by size, fill, subsurface features, and geomorphology. Received: 28 July 1998 · Accepted: 9 September 1998     

Karst engineering studies at the Akköprü Reservoir area, southwest of Turkey

Akköprü Dam, which is under construction, is located at Dalaman Basin in the southwest of Turkey. The base rock at the Akköprü dam site and reservoir area is autochthon Akta? limestone and Gökseki flysch formation. Allochthon Cehennem Deresi limestone, a complex series of ferro- (melange) and peridotite–serpentine units, overlay this unit with tectonic contact. These units are covered by young sedimentary series. The outcrops of karstified Akta? limestone are observed at 2 km upstream of the dam site, at the right reservoir abutment. This unit is very permeable and the groundwater level is very deep, 100–116 m below the Dalaman riverbed. After impoundment, 250,000 m² of this unit will be submerged. Groundwater which percolates in this unit discharges at the coastal springs. This study analyzed the watertightness of Akköprü reservoir related to the karstified limestone in the left reservoir bank and discussed possible options of remedial works to reduce seepage.     

Formation of regolith-collapse sinkholes in southern Illinois: Interpretation and identification of associated buried cavities

Three regolith-collapse sinkholes formed near the Dongola Unit School and the Pentecostal Church in the southern Illinois village of Dongola (Union County) during the spring of 1993. The sinkholes appeared over a three-month period that coincided with development of a new municipal well. The new well was drilled through clay-rich, valley-fill sediment into karstified limestone bedrock. The piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer is above land surface, indicating the presence of an upward hydraulic gradient in the valley and that the valley fill is acting as a confining unit. Pumping during development of the well lowered the piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer to an elevation below the base of the valley fill. It is hypothesized that drainage of water from the sediments, the resulting loss of hydrostatic pressure and buoyant force in overlying sediments, increased intergranular pressure, and the initiation of groundwater flow toward the well resulted in rapid sediment transport, subsurface erosion, and collapse of the valley-fill sediment. The sinkholes follow an approximately east-west alignment, which is consistent with one of the two dominant alignments of passages of nearby joint-controlled caves. A constant electrode-separation resistivity survey of the school playground was conducted to locate areas that might contain incipient sinkholes. The survey revealed a positive resistivity anomaly trending N75E in the southern part of the study area. The anomaly is linear, between 5 and 10 m wide, and its trend either intersects or is immediately adjacent to the three sinkholes. The anomaly is interpreted to be a series of pumping-induced cavities in the valley-fill sediments that formed over a preexisting crevice in the karstified bedrock limestone.     

Paleocollapse structure as a passageway for groundwater flow and contaminant transport

 Paleocollapse structure is a rock collapse, resulting from the failure in the geological history of the bedrock overlying karstified limestone. Depending on the present hydrogeological conditions within the area of paleocollapse and the internal properties of these structures, they can provide a means to facilitate groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Inactive paleocollapse structures can be reactivated by human activities such as dam construction, mining underground minerals, pumping groundwater, and development of landfills. They can also be reactivated by natural events such as earthquakes and neotectonic movements. In the mines of northern China, sudden inflow of karst water from Ordovician limestone into drifts and mining stopes through paleocollapse structures has caused significant economic loss. Water pumping tests and accompanied dye traces are effective approaches of locating water-conducting paleocollapse structures. Grouting is probably the best means of preventing them from becoming geohazards. Received: 26 November 1996 · Accepted: 17 June 1997