四川某地二迭纪石灰岩中的滑石——滑石的一种新的成因类型

滑石是一种层状的镁硅酸盐矿物,在成因上与富镁的岩石(杆栏岩、蛇纹岩和白云岩等)受热液蚀变和接触变质作用有关,或者是在区域变质作用时由富镁的岩石形成(如,滑石片岩、滑石—菱镁矿片岩等),然而,就目前所知,在石灰岩(碳酸盐岩石)中,在没有岩浆活动并且又没有遭受到区域变质作用的情况下,能形成大量的具有一定     

辽河群镁质碳酸盐建造及其非金属矿产

辽河群镁质碳酸盐岩系，含矿岩石组合有黑尔峪组镁质碳酸盐含矿建造和大石桥组镁质碳酸盐含矿建造。其中由区域变质作用形成的白云石－滑石－菱镁矿、滑石－菱镁矿－透闪石、滑石－菱镁矿－水镁石－蛇纹石和硼矿物－蛇纹石－菱镁石－水镁石－滑石－金云母－透辉石等４种矿床组合形式，构成规律明显，经济价值大的非金属成矿系列。     

藏北昂吾地区超基性岩的蛇纹石化和磁铁矿化过程及影响因素

班公湖-怒江缝合带广泛分布超基性岩及蛇纹石化超基性岩,已有研究表明它们与区域成矿关系密切,其蛇纹石化过程使一些元素活化并具有一定的成矿潜力。位于班-怒带中段的昂吾地区蛇纹石化超基性岩主要矿物成分有橄榄石、单斜辉石、铬铁矿、利蛇纹石、磁铁矿和绿泥石等,原岩恢复表明该超基性岩为单辉橄榄岩。镜下鉴定、背散射电子图像、能谱成分分析和电子探针分析结果显示单辉橄榄岩的蛇纹石化及蚀变过程可分为三个阶段:(Ⅰ)以形成相对富铁蛇纹石(Mg#=75～88)为主,基本无磁铁矿析出;(Ⅱ)形成相对富镁的蛇纹石(Mg# 90),析出磁铁矿;(Ⅲ)蛇纹石进一步蚀变成绿泥石。热力学模拟及多组分矿物相平衡图表明,在蛇纹石化过程中,昂吾地区超基性岩中的辉石脱硅致使反应体系SiO_2活度升高,限制了磁铁矿的生成。同时也发现,在利蛇纹石稳定存在的温度区间内(100～300℃),本研究的蛇纹石化体系温度倾向高值区,不利于磁铁矿的析出。进而探讨了原岩成分、反应体系SiO_2活度及温度等因素对蛇纹石化过程中磁铁矿析出的影响。本研究有助于理解班-怒带内超基性岩的蛇纹石化过程及磁铁矿化机制。     

节理化岩石力学分级及其在采矿工程中的应用

<正> 笔者曾在南非一些纤维蛇纹石石棉矿山从事与采矿有关的工作二十多年。这些矿床形成于五种不同的地质环境中,不同成矿环境的矿体有极大的差异。含矿岩石多变,或为局部蛇纹石化纯橄岩一橄榄岩,或为蛇纹岩。竖井、平硐、天井、盲井和主要坑道均开凿在片麻岩、石英岩、燧石层、熔岩、绿泥石片岩、滑石碳酸盐岩、滑石片岩、碳酸盐化蛇纹岩、蛇纹岩、纯橄岩和辉绿岩脉内。岩石分级表中所列举的各种岩石这里都能见到。普遍采用的采矿     

蛇绿岩套中超基性岩体的岩石组合:蛇纹岩、异剥钙榴岩和蛇绿碳酸岩——以西阿尔卑斯Zermatt-Saas蛇绿岩为例

蛇纹岩、异剥钙榴岩和蛇绿碳酸岩是蛇绿岩套中超基性单元特有的3类岩石组合,该套岩石组合的形成过程复杂,经历了从地幔岩浆结晶分异、洋脊变质作用改造和俯冲-仰冲构造过程,记录了从地幔岩浆侵位到造山带形成、演化的全程信息。蛇纹岩由方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩通过水化和氧化过程而形成;异剥钙榴岩由含水石榴石、符山石、绿帘石族矿物、透辉石和绿泥石等含水和含钙的硅酸盐矿物组成,是由基性岩经历钙交代和水化作用而形成;蛇绿碳酸岩则由高度破碎变形的蛇纹岩角砾和碳酸岩基质(方解石、白云石或菱镁矿)共同组成,碳酸钙主要来自海水参与蛇纹岩化过程产生的富钙热液。阿尔卑斯西部的Zermatt-Saas蛇绿岩体中这3种岩石的组合研究表明:蛇纹岩化过程发生在大洋变质时期,超基性岩体在海水的作用下形成蛇纹岩。蛇纹岩化过程中释放出主要来自斜方辉石和单斜辉石的钙,与水共同作用交代超基性岩体中的基性岩脉,从而形成异剥钙榴岩。蛇绿碳酸岩形成于俯冲变质之前或俯冲变质的早期。这3类岩石一经形成,都经历了其后的叠加变质作用,进而表明Zermatt-Saas蛇绿岩经历了大洋变质、与俯冲、折返和抬升有关的高压变质和区域变质、绿片岩相变质和晚期热液变质作用的pT轨迹演化,代表着西阿尔卑斯从洋脊变质作用到俯?     

四川软玉猫眼赋存的围岩显微结构研究

对四川软玉猫眼的赋存围岩一蛇纹石化辉橄岩和橄榄岩的岩石显微结构的研究结果表明：围岩的主要结构类型为网格状结构和交代假象结构。交代假象结构又可分为橄榄石假象和辉石假象两种。辉石假象有两种表现形式：其一为蛇纹石交代辉石而保留辉石的晶形；另一种表现为由辉石蚀变所析出的磁铁矿经浓集而形成肋状条纹以及磁铁矿向辉石边缘迁移而形成浓缩边。研究认为：在超基性岩体蚀变过程中，首先发生橄榄石化和辉石化，生成蛇纹石。而后蛇纹石对与其接触的碳酸盐岩发生接触交代，吸收围岩中的钙而形成软玉。     

我国发现的水菱镁矿特征及其成因的探讨

水菱镁矿(hydromagnesite)虽在很早以前就被发现,但在我国却一直未有这方面的正式报导。同时目前所知在捷克斯洛伐克、意大利、美国、法国及苏联,该矿物均产在镁质超基性岩(蚀变产物蛇纹岩)及菱镁岩中,为低溫热液及次生产物。与水镁石、纤维菱镁矿及蛇纹石等相伴。我们所见水菱镁矿产在由白云菱镁大理岩蚀变而形成的硼镁石蛇纹岩中。其富集地段离地表仅数米,为表生作用造成。该处错动发育,硼镁石蛇纹岩被错成角砾状,并有孔洞产生。沿孔洞先后有金云母及绿泥石充填,水菱镁矿就发生在未被充填之残余孔洞中。水菱镁矿之形成环境为自由空间,它大多垂直或斜交洞壁而生长,其外有时还覆盖一层方解石薄膜,最外为残余孔洞(照片1、2)。在同一蚀变体之错动不发育地段很难见到它的出现。水菱镁矿虽不是一种少有矿物,但分布局限性很大,且不呈大规模堆积。因此,对其矿物性质及形成条件进行探讨,具有一定意义。     

造山带背景铜镍矿床蚀变过程与水的来源——东天山黄山南矿床氢氧同位素的指示

造山带背景铜镍矿床以富水为主要特征,但水(流体)在成矿中的作用以及其对岩石的改造过程仍不明确。本文以黄山南铜镍矿床为例,通过辉橄岩和橄辉岩等超镁铁岩的蚀变矿物组合和H-O同位素变化规律,限定蚀变过程与流体性质及来源。黄山南超镁铁岩原生矿物主要有尖晶石、橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和少量填隙状角闪石、云母,蚀变矿物有角闪石(浅闪石、阳起石、透闪石、普通角闪石以及镁闪石)、滑石、绿泥石和蛇纹石等。根据岩石结构与蚀变矿物比例,将超镁铁岩分为弱蚀变、中等蚀变和强蚀变3类。蚀变矿物组合与角闪石成分指示超镁铁岩经历了高温蚀变阶段(>700℃),形成了镁质闪石+滑石+绿泥石;中温蚀变阶段(700～550℃)和低温蚀变阶段(<550℃),分别形成了钙质闪石+滑石+绿泥石+蛇纹石与滑石+碳酸盐+蛇纹石的矿物组合。蚀变岩石普遍以中低温蚀变为主,可能与中低温阶段的叠加-改造作用相关。岩石随蚀变程度增加,Si、Na、K、Mn等主量元素和Rb、Ba等微量元素呈现明显降低趋势,表明大多数元素在流体改造过程中从岩石中迁出,说明蚀变过程为开放体系。中-强蚀变岩石中,硫化物矿物边部的形态呈锯齿状,但主体仍为磁...     

河北省遵化—迁西地区超基性岩生成时代的探讨

冀东地区已蛇纹石化及未蚀变的超基性岩绝大多数在新太古代变质深成岩中呈包体存在,不少专家把这些超基性岩归属太古宙。笔者认为该区未变质及已蛇纹石化超基性岩应是显生宙的产物,而不是太古宙变质深成岩的"捕掳体"。同时对遵化—迁西地区蛇纹岩生成时代进行探讨。     

超基性岩后生镍矿典型:陕西煎茶岭矿床

正成矿区带:龙门山-大巴山成矿带(Ⅲ-73)。建造构造:勉略宁三角地带,新元古代镁质超基性岩体由于后期强烈的构造、花岗斑岩侵入及热液活动,岩体发生强烈蚀变,主要由蛇纹岩、滑镁岩、菱镁岩和透闪岩组成,原岩可能为纯橄岩、斜方辉橄岩、辉石岩。岩石m/f值为8.45～11.96。纤胶蛇纹岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(927.4±49.0)Ma(庞春勇等,1993)。闫     

一个与超基性岩有关的矽卡岩铁矿

超基性岩同围岩接触,一般都很少见到明显的接触变质和接触交代现象,特別是后者更为少见。造成这一情况的原因可能有二:首先,超基性岩浆本身“活动组分”较少,如果沒有特殊有利的条件(包括岩体大小、侵入深度、接触面的形状产状、围岩成分以及构造条件等),这些组分不易集中,也就很难同围岩产生接触交代反应。     

Metamorphism of the Basement of the Qilian Fold Belt in the Minhe-Ledu Area, Qinghai Province, NW China

The basement of the central Qilian fold belt exposed along the Minhe-Ledu highway consists of psammitic schists, metabasitic rocks, and crystalline limestone. Migmatitic rocks occur sporadically among psammitic schist and metabasitic rocks. The mineral assemblage of psammitic schist is muscovite + biotite + feldspar + quartz ± tourmaline ± titanite ± sillimanite and that of metabasitic rocks is amphibole + plagioclase + biotite ± apatite ± magnetite ± pyroxene ± garnet ± quartz. The migmatitic rock consists of leucosome and restite of various volume proportions; the former consists of muscovite + alkaline feldspar + quartz ± garnet ± plagioclase while the latter is either fragments of psammitic schist or those of metabasitic rock. The crystalline limestone consists of calcite that has been partly replaced by olivine. The olivine was subsequently altered to serpentine. Weak deformations as indicated by cleavages and fractures were imposed prominently on the psammitic schists, occasionally on me     

镁质碳酸盐岩建造区域变质及其非金属矿成矿系列

根据岩石组合和矿床组合的不同，我国镁质碳酸盐岩含矿建造可细分出四个亚建造。其中分别以七种组合形式，产出１２种由区域变质成矿作用形成的非金属矿床，构成一个共生、伴生规律明显、重现性强、经济意义大的成矿系列。     

The stoichiometric effects of ferric iron substitutions in serpentine from microprobe data

ABSTRACT

Given that secondary magnetite is common in serpentinites, it is clear that serpentinites are oxidized rocks. Questions remain, however, concerning the distribution of ferric iron among magnetite and serpentine minerals and the role of ferric iron-rich serpentine in the formation of secondary magnetite. Direct determination of ferric iron in serpentine is not possible using an electron microprobe. We show, however, that the stoichiometic effects of ferric iron substitutions are detectable, although not quantifiable, by microprobe. First, we demonstrate that for studies that provide both microprobe analyses of major elements of serpentine and Mössbauer analysis of ferric iron, substitution effects are obvious. Next, it is equally clear that the early veins forming at the onset of olivine hydration (type 1 veins) show no indication of the presence of ferric serpentine, although a small amount of ferric ‘brucite’ may occur. Finally, we show that secondary (type 2) veins, which form as the system becomes open to fluids in equilibrium with plagioclase or pyroxene, contain, in addition to significant alumina, stoichiometric indications of ferric iron substitution. The serpentine in these veins is magnesian, usually with Mg#s around 96–98. Thus, even if a significant proportion of this iron is ferric, it comprises only a small fraction of the total ferric iron budget of the rock. Given that reduced iron is known to be abundant in early-formed brucite and early-formed serpentine and given that brucite, in particular, is absent from evolved serpentine veins, we propose that most magnetite in serpentinites forms as a tertiary product via oxidation of brucite.     

Geology and geochemistry of the Jianchaling hydrothermal nickel deposit: T–pH–fO2–fS2 conditions and nickel precipitation mechanism

The Jianchaling nickel deposit in the Bikou Terrane (Shaanxi Province, China) occurs along the boundaries between granite porphyry and carbonated ultramafic rocks (carbonated serpentinite, talc–carbonate rocks, and listwaenite). Serpentine– magnetite, serpentine– magnesite– magnetite, and magnesite– talc– quartz– pyrite– violarite– millerite– chalcopyrite assemblage formed in carbonated ultramafic rocks during hydrothermal activities. Ni-bearing sulphides, coexisting with magnesite, postdated magnetite in carbonated ultramafic rocks. Compared with serpentinite, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, and Pb concentrate in talc–carbonate rocks. The fact that the NiO contents of magnetite decrease with progressive carbonation of serpentinite suggests that Ni from magnetite concentrated in fluid and contributed to the formation of the Jianchaling nickel deposit. Sulphides precipitated from fluid with log fO₂ value varying from −34.5 to −31.8 and log fS₂ value varying from −10.3 to −9.2. High pH and HS⁻ activities triggered by transformation of serpentine into magnesite–talc–quartz assemblage promoted precipitation of Ni-bearing sulphides, and finally formed the Jianchaling hydrothermal nickel deposit.     

弓长岭鞍山群太古代基底岩石特征

弓长岭鞍山群呈北西至南东方向分布，位于中朝陆块东端，该群各类型岩石构成华北陆块古老的变质结晶基底。文中详细地记述了岩浆岩及混合岩、硅质板岩和长英质变粒岩、交超基性岩、交基性火山岩、变泥质岩、铁矿床、变辉长辉绿岩岩墙群的岩石特征和产出特征及成岩时代。本区为低压区域浅变质类型，演化与成岩时代约在太古代的中、晚期(3400～2500Ma)。     

Three varieties of alpine-type ultramafic rocks in the Norwegian Caledonides and basal gnesis complex

Three varieties of alpine-type ultramafic rocks are distinguish in the Norwegian Caledonides associated Basal Gneiss Complex. Type one rocks have primary (magmatic) olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and chromite, and are partly or completely serpentinised. They are found exclusively in rocks of Cambro-Silurian age. Type two are polymetamorphic metaperidotites or sagvandites consisting of olivine, enstatite and carbonate minerals, with talc and amphibole commonly being present. They are found in medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks. Type three also show a metamorphic mineral association of olivine, orthopyroxene and minor chromite, while clinopyroxene, amphibole and chrome-bearing chlorite may also be present in some samples. Garnet may or may not occur and, where present, is often surrounded by reaction rims of spinel and amphibole. The type three ultramafic bodies are serpentinised to varying degrees and occur in high-grade metamorphic gneisses which may also contain eclogites and anorthosites. Distinction of these three varieties of ultramafic body may be useful for correlation purposes and for more detailed studies on the nature of their metamorphism.     

Ilmenite, Magnetite and Chromite Beach Placers from South Maharashtra, Central West Coast of India

The heavy mineral placer deposits of the coastal sediments in south Maharashtra stretch for 12.5 km from Pirwadi in the north to Talashil in the south. The area is a sand bar represented by a narrow submergent coastal plain lying between the Achara and Gad Rivers. The sediments in the area are mainly sands which are moderately well sorted to well sorted. The heavy mineral concentration in the surficial sediments ranges between 0.69 and 98.32 wt % (28.73 wt % in average). The heavy mineral concentration shows an increasing trend from north to south. The heavy mineral suite consists predominantly of opaque minerals (ilmenite, magnetite and chromite), garnet, pyroxene, amphibole, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, staurolite, etc. Ilmenite grains are fresh whereas magnetite grains show the effect of weathering and alteration. The chromite grains are rounded to sub-rounded with alteration at the margin of the grains. The surficial textures of the opaque minerals show mechanical breaking that indicates limited distance of transportation. Ilmenite has TiO₂ in the range between 40.04 and 46.6 wt %. Based on ore microscopy studies, the magnetite grains appear to be of two types: pure magnetite and titano-magnetite. Compositionally, the total magnetite fractions have Fe₂O₃ between 32 and 46 wt %, FeO between 19.0 and 25 wt % and TiO₂ between 14.3 and 23.9 wt %. The chromite grains are an admixture of two varieties, ferro-chromite and magnesio-chromite. The chromite grains have 32.06–47.5 wt % of Cr₂O₃ with total iron between 23.86 wt % (4.73% Fe₂O₃ and 19.13% FeO) and 27.89 wt % (4.36% Fe₂O₃ and 23.53% FeO) and MgO between 12 and 40 wt %. The observed variations in the distribution of heavy minerals in the area are due to differences in the sediment supply, their specific gravity and oceanographic processes all of which result in a selective sorting of the sediments. The observed mineral assemblages of transparent heavy minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, tourmaline, kyanite, garnet, zircon and olivine) are suggestive of their derivation from a heterogeneous provenance comprising of igneous rocks, high grade metamorphic rocks and reworked Kaladgi sediments. The chromite grains appear to have been derived from ultrabasic rocks present in the upper reaches of the Gad River. The inferred reserves of ilmenite, magnetite and chromite are 0.175, 0.395 and 0.032 million tons, respectively.     

河南舞阳地区赵案庄铁矿床成矿时代及地质意义——中国最古老的岩浆型铁矿床

河南舞阳地区赵案庄铁矿床是产于超基性岩中的隐伏矿床。超基性岩侵位于新太古界太华群赵案庄组透辉斜长角闪片麻岩中。矿体呈似层状,具有多层。矿石成分较复杂,主要矿物为磁铁矿、蛇纹石、氟磷灰石等。矿床规模为中等,其成因是与超基性岩有关的岩浆晚期磷灰石-磁铁矿矿床。在磷灰蛇纹磁铁矿石中选出的锆石样品为变质锆石,利用激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-MC-ICPMS)进行微区原位U_Pb同位素测年,获得不一致线的上交点年龄为(1943±5)Ma(MSWD=2.3)。同时对锆石阴极发光(CL)图像研究,表明该年龄代表锆石遭受强烈变质作用的年龄,可以限定矿体形成时代的上限,即矿体形成时代不晚于1943 Ma。超基性岩浆演化晚期,岩浆充填构造裂隙呈透辉石岩脉产出。透辉石脉与矿体同期并且穿切铁山庙组BIF型铁山铁矿。铁山庙组形成时代在2300~2500 Ma之间。透辉石岩脉形成时代不早于该组年龄,可作为赵案庄铁矿床形成时代的下限。赵案庄铁矿床的形成时代为1943~2300 Ma,为古元古代,这是中国目前发现的最古老的岩浆型铁矿床。该成矿地质时代反映了在华北陆块东南缘曾发生过一次地壳扩张和裂陷活动及华北克拉通裂解事件。     

我国前寒武纪非金属矿产的分布及其特征

本文总结了我国前寒武纪非金属矿产的分布和特征，指出菱镁矿、硼矿、磷矿、滑石、石墨等非金属矿产赋存于不同的沉积建造、火山堆积以及不同变质岩系之中，是由古陆块的构造部位所决定的。前寒武纪非金属矿床的成矿作用与大陆地壳演化关系密切，古元古代大陆拼合焊接的造山带和新元古代稳定地块的海相沉积是两个十分重要的非金属矿产成矿构造环境，前者在中国北方（如胶辽裂谷、佳木斯地块）形成菱镁矿、硼矿、滑石矿和石墨矿等矿床，后者在南方（如扬子陆块、苏鲁大别带）主要形成磷矿床。前寒武纪产出大型、超大型非金属矿床数十个，成因类型主要有沉积变质型、岩浆热液型和沉积（弱变质）型，文中着重对硼、石墨、菱镁矿、滑石、磷矿等五个主要矿种的资源分布及矿床地质特征作了叙述。