回采工作面围岩采动应变场-渗透系数场耦合

采动岩体变形与渗透特性是工作面突水防治研究的基本问题。采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了岩石变形-渗透特征及其三维定量关系,研究了煤炭开采中回采工作面围岩应变场、渗透系数场分布及其控制因素。研究结果表明,采动岩体渗透性变化主要取决于应变状态及应变增量,且随着垂直于裂隙的张应变的增加而增加;工作面后方垮落带和煤壁边缘的剪碎带产生剧烈的采动拉伸变形,渗透系数较采前显著增大,而支承压力区和整体移动带岩层产生较大的采动压缩变形,渗透系数较采前明显减小;工作面围岩垂向渗透系数较水平渗透系数增加的幅度及增加区的范围小,但对水体下采煤工作面涌水起主导作用。加快工作面推进速度、减小工作面斜长和采高能降低采场围岩渗透系数增加幅度,并将渗透系数场变化范围局限在采区附近,能有效减小采动对原始煤岩层渗透性的影响。      

采动覆岩变形分布式光纤物理模型试验研究

采动覆岩变形破坏对开采巷道的安全构成威胁,同时易造成地面塌陷,对地面构筑物的安全和地质环境产生影响。因此,对煤层采动覆岩变形进行监控,具有重要的现实意义。论文针对煤层采动覆岩变形破坏的一般规律,利用分布式光纤感测技术,开展了采动覆岩变形物理模型试验研究。采用将感测光缆竖直植入物理模型内部的布设方法,获得了煤层采动过程中覆岩变形分布式监测结果。将光纤测试结果与常规近景摄影结果进行对比,结果基本吻合;同时,揭示了采动覆岩变形破坏规律和覆岩离层的演化过程。利用经验公式计算得出"导高"均值约为30.6cm,这与光纤监测数据分析估算得到的30cm基本一致。试验结果表明:将分布式光纤感测技术引入采动覆岩破坏模型试验是可行且准确的,为以后的相关研究提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

基于概率积分法的采空区残余变形对桑掌隧道的影响研究

煤矿开采后采空区上覆岩层变形是一个长期过程,往往严重影响后期穿越采空区隧道的施工建设和长期运营。新建桑掌隧道是穿越采空区的典型案例,准确预测采空区残余变形对隧道的影响是保障工程安全的关键。本文采用玻兹曼函数对等价变采厚概率积分法进行优化,并引入时间函数,提出一种改进的变采厚概率积分法。采用该方法对山西省阳泉二矿4个停采时间不同的采空区在2020年之后的残余变形量进行了预测,并分析了采空区残余变形对桑掌隧道的影响。研究结果表明,新建桑掌隧道线路上的最大残余沉降量为325 mm,出现在隧道中段;最大残余侧向位移为168 mm,出现在隧道起点附近。由于隧道轴线与其中3个工作面的长轴方向小角度相交,隧道呈现出侧向移动、竖向下沉与轴向扭转的复合变形趋势。本文的计算结果可为桑掌隧道施工和变形处治提供科学依据,计算方法可为穿越采空区隧道建设提供理论支撑。     

潘二矿下向卸压开采高应力演化特征试验研究

为研究深部近距离煤层群下向卸压开采高应力演化的特征,根据潘二煤矿深部近距离煤层群8煤和6煤地质与开采技术条件,设计了下向卸压开采的二维相似材料模拟试验模型,对8煤和6煤开采引起的采动应力进行监测。系统分析了8煤下向开采与6煤开采后的采场围岩采动应力、岩层运移及不规则煤柱对采动应力演化的影响,获得了近距离煤层群8煤下向卸压开采的顶底板采动高应力演化特征及6煤回采期间覆岩运移、采动应力裂隙演化和来压特征,得出了下向卸压开采不规则煤柱对采动应力、裂隙分布的影响规律。研究不仅为以采动高应力演化为主导作用的煤岩动力灾害防治提供了理论基础,也为卸压开采采场参数设计与优化提供了技术支撑。     

Design and Application of a Mining-Induced Stress Testing System

During the mining process, especially under the deep mining condition, damage process of coal and rock interacts with space–time evolution of mining-induced stress. The indoor test of evolution of mining-induced stress is an effective research approach. Based on the theoretical research of evolution of mining-induced stress in recent years, from the perspectives of the macroscopic failure characteristics and microscopic damage characteristics of coal and rock, a set of mining-induced stress testing system, combined with the non-uniform loading test machine, hydraulic servo control system, computer control system and acoustic emission system, is developed. The mining-induced stress testing system can realize that the non-uniform loading of large-size specimen, the space–time evolution of mining-induced stress, real-time monitoring of microscopic damage of coal and rock specimen, and so on. In order to verify the reliability and practicability of the system, stress transfer test at different rates was carried out. The study results reflected that the mining-induced stress testing system can be used to provide effective laboratory guidance and analysis for the evolution of mining-induced stress.     

基于InSAR和光学遥感的贵州鬃岭采煤滑坡识别与危险性评价

贵州鬃岭滑坡群具有孕灾规律性强、 发育集中密集、 威胁严重等特点.文章利用InSAR和光学遥感进行精细识别,获取了区域滑坡灾害信息,总结了鬃岭区域滑坡变形破坏模式,基于此建立了该地区的滑坡风险评价的体积-距离统计公式,并对典型灾害体进行了计算,获得了一些重要认识.地下采煤活动是引起鬃岭桌山边缘山体变形的主要原因;InS...     

彬长矿区采陷裂缝影响因素分析

对彬长矿区地面裂缝进行了详细调查,指出该矿区地面裂缝的主要为开采塌陷引起的采陷裂缝,并对采陷裂缝的发育特征进行了归类。分析认为：采深增大,基岩厚度增大,覆岩的稳定性增强,对地面裂缝的规模控制也增强,60°～70°为塌陷裂缝边界范围圈定的指标值;工作面变宽,采厚变大,会加剧地面裂缝的产生和发展;“上硬下软”的地层结构,有利控制地表移动变形,关键层厚度增大,可以明显减缓地表移动;松散层厚度愈大,抗变形能力愈大的土层,其裂缝愈不发育;V型沟谷对裂缝的形成和发展影响较小,斜坡则对裂缝的发育有加剧作用;降雨对裂缝的发育有明显的加速作用。     

Impacts of karst paleo-sinkholes on mining and environment in northern China

The karst paleo-sinkhole is a special geological structure widely found in the coal measures of northern China. Some paleo-sinkholes have high permeability and connectivity, making them excellent connectors between the karst aquifer and the coal seam. Consequently, during coal extraction disastrous water inrushes take place frequently, which cause severe loss not only in mine submersions and personnel casualties, but also in environmental quality. Locations and the geological and hydrogeological characteristics of paleo-sinkholes in northern China are presented. In-situ drilling and excavation results show that paleo-sinkholes have different hydrogeological behaviors in different regions and in different mines. Based on observed data, mining-induced strata failure in the seam floor is analyzed. The existence of paleo-sinkholes increases the floor strata failure zone. Numerical simulation then is adopted to model coal mining with the effects of both the paleo-sinkholes and the water pressure in the confined aquifer. Analyses of the simulation conclude that the paleo-sinkhole induces the increase in the strata failure and deformation. These make water inrushes more likely to happen.     

断层破裂带附近采场采动效应的流固耦合分析

矿井底板突水是一个复杂的多物理场耦合问题,结合含断层破裂带条件下采场开采的工程背景,通过离散元流固耦合分析,研究了采场工作面推进过程中断层带的变形与受力情况以及底板支承压力、渗流矢量和渗流速度的动态发展规律和分布特征。相关模拟结果表明,采场中煤层的开采与断层破裂带之间是相互影响的,以支承压力为代表的采动应力是底板破坏形成导水裂隙带及断层“活化”突水的一个主要诱因,而断层的存在也使得工作面与断层带范围内的围岩应力更加集中,增大了底板破坏突水的危险性。采动过程中,底板破坏所形成的导水裂隙带主要集中在工作面前方及下方围岩中,这些区域渗流速度较大,是形成突水的主要通道。     

重复采动巷道塑性区调控原理与稳定控制

为研究双巷布置工作面留巷受重复采动影响围岩的变形破坏规律及稳定控制问题,综合运用数值模拟、理论分析和现场观测等方法,研究双巷间距对重复采动下留巷围岩塑性区空间分布特征及偏应力的影响规律,揭示二次采动对留巷塑性区的诱导扩展机制,提出围岩塑性区二次扩展抑制方法。结果表明：重复采动巷道围岩塑性区在巷道轴向上均可划分为6个区域,整体表现为双巷间距越大,则塑性区破坏深度越小的特征,且其形态由非对称分布向对称分布状态转化,双巷距离增加造成的应力旋转程度和偏应力峰值低是主要原因。一次采动滞后影响稳定区维护距离及周期最长,且为二次采动塑性区叠加扩展的基础,是重复采动巷道围岩稳定的关键控制区域。据此提出通过调整巷道空间位置,达到改善应力环境、调整巷道围岩破坏状态的目的,并建立了分区补强支护相结合的调控方法和控制技术体系。现场实测结果表明,该技术体系能够达到巷道安全稳定目的,效果良好。     

煤层重复采动对水渠稳定性及渗漏性影响评价

为了科学评价煤层重复采动对拟建水渠工程安全性的影响程度,围绕"采煤安全"、"水渠安全运行"这两条主线,在现场调研的基础上,采用理论分析、数值模拟和概率积分法等手段,对重复采动影响下水渠的变形特征进行了分析评价。首先从地层的工程地质结构、水文地质结构、力学结构和开采结构4方面分析了岩土体的结构特征,利用FLAC3D对各煤层开采引发的导水裂隙带发育高度的变化规律进行了模拟分析,同时,根据地表移动和变形预计结果,分析了重复开采引发的地表下沉、倾斜变形及水平变形对水渠坝体的影响。结果表明:多煤层开采后导水裂隙带不会波及到水渠内的地表水,不会影响采煤安全;重复采动会引起水渠不同程度的沉降,堤体地面标高由69.34 m沉降至65.50 m,沉降后的堤体顶面比设计水面降低了1.94 m,过水断面由580 m2减少至196 m2,设计流量将损失66%,对水渠安全运行构成影响。      

断层破碎带变形破坏失稳过程模拟

为了研究断层破碎带在采动影响下的变形破坏失稳过程,采用电镜、薄片分析及蠕变力学试验方法分别对范各庄矿F₀断层物质的原样和3种含水量、5组样品的复制样进行了分析研究。在力学实验的基础上,借助数值仿真软件FLAC3D完成了对断层破碎带变形破坏失稳过程的模拟计算。模拟结果较好地刻画出了承压水对上覆岩层及断层带的影响;开采活动对底板岩层的影响;断层破碎带受开采影响的大小和范围;承压水影响的时间效应和特定水头作用下承压水沿断层导升的高度。      

崩落法开采引起的岩层移动时效性研究

崩落法开采的金属矿山往往会伴随着一系列的地质灾害现象。为保证矿区安全生产,开展崩落法开采引起的岩层移动的时效性研究具有重要意义。以程潮铁矿西区下盘为研究对象,通过将地表10多年GPS监测数据的整理分析,并与现场破坏调查结果和工程地质条件相结合,进而探究不同分区下岩层移动的时效行为。研究结果表明：岩层移动的时效行为与其破坏过程有着密切的关系,不同分区下的岩层移动的时效行为是不同的,可分为初始变形、渐进变形、加速变形和残余变形共4个阶段,分别对应着稳定状态、临界状态、失稳状态以及采矿结束后的蠕变状态;初始变形阶段对应着岩体的初始蠕变过程,渐进变形阶段反映了岩体抵抗自身变形的过程,加速变形阶段与深部破坏面的形成和强烈的应力释放有关;崩落碎石在采矿作业停止后失去了流动空间,在岩体变形挤压下会对围岩提供支撑力进而限制了岩层移动的进一步发展;残余变形时间由岩体的蠕变特性和崩落碎石的压密过程所控制,倾倒滑移区因需要经历一个额外的碎石压密过程而导致残余变形时间更长。     

厚表土层深井卸压开采地面钻井变形破坏及其预防——以淮南顾桥矿为例

以顾桥矿工程实践为基础,结合物理模拟实验和现场监测结果,研究了厚表土层深井卸压开采地面钻井变形破坏及其预防。结果表明:钻井破坏是地面卸压瓦斯抽采失败的关键,采动影响下地面瓦斯抽采井破坏以变形和错断为主,破坏深度不一,主要集中在松散层中下部和基岩中上部;在钻井完好情况下,将钻井终孔位置布置于断层附近、“O”型圈范围内更有利于卸压瓦斯抽采。采动引起的上覆岩层离层、应力集中、竖向破断以及厚表土层“杠杆效应”造成地面瓦斯抽采井破坏,其由下至上多次出现是导致地面井多处变形破坏的主要原因。煤层采动对工作面前方巷帮应力、顶板应力的影响范围分别可达320 m、350 m,对轨顺相对位移影响范围可达工作面前方50m和后方200m,采场中部覆岩与地表之间的相对位移量远大于采场边缘附近,更容易导致井孔破坏。采用“抗”和“让”相结合的井身结构、“上止下泄”固井–完井施工工艺以及合理的井位布置等措施,可有效防止卸压开采地面钻井变形破坏,实现瓦斯稳定高效抽采。      

地下采动下含深大裂隙岩溶山体变形响应特征

为了研究岩溶山区地下采矿活动对上覆岩层及山体的变形影响,依托贵州纳雍普洒“8.28”特大崩滑案例,在现场地质调查的基础上,分析了纳雍普洒“8.28”崩塌体特征和山体变形发展过程,采用UDEC离散元数值方法研究了地下采动作用诱发强烈岩溶山体崩滑失稳过程及变形特征。结果表明:山体上部灰岩溶蚀强烈,形成众多裂隙和岩溶管道,在地下采动作用下经历了较长的变形发展过程;地下采动影响下,山体上覆岩层向采空区方向变形,并随着顶板岩层冒落,岩层变形显著增大;上覆岩层深大裂隙对山体变形有重要影响,上部岩层沿着裂隙向下形成沉降带,同时裂隙也得以扩展;崩塌区前缘岩体由于开挖卸荷,向坡外发生挤出变形,前缘阻滑力降低;随着采空区不断扩大,山体稳定性不断降低,最终山体整体溃屈,发生破坏。普洒崩滑模式为“山体后缘拉裂沉陷—裂隙扩展贯通—整体溃屈”。本研究为开展西南地区地下采动对岩溶坡体稳定性影响评价提供借鉴。     

泥化弱胶结软岩地层中矩形巷道的变形破坏过程分析

在西部地区,一定数量的矿区处于泥化弱胶结软岩地层,此类软岩胶结性差、强度低、遇水泥化。矩形是采区巷道的常用型式,但其断面受力不均、稳定性差。在上述软岩地层中的矩形巷道承载力低、变形量大、变形持续时间长,给煤矿的安全生产带来极大困难。以内蒙古新上海一号煤矿皮带顺槽矩形巷道为背景,运用FLAC3D软件中的Cvisc黏弹塑性模型,对矩形巷道的变形破坏进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与现场监测结果对比分析。结果表明:巷道开挖支护后,受断面形状影响,矩形巷道四角出现压应力集中和顶板受拉区,巷道顶板下沉量大,底板底臌严重,两帮向巷道挤出;受围岩岩性影响,围岩进入塑性的时间快短、范围大,塑性区超出了支护体的作用范围,造成锚杆(索)的锚固效果难以完全发挥,围岩出现整体滑动的现象;巷道变形呈现出流变变形的特性,变形量随时间持续增加,持续的蠕变变形超出了支护体的可控范围,最终引起巷道的失稳破坏。     

Numerical simulation on tendency mining fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth

In order to master the tendency mining-fracture-evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth in mining process, the 1221 working face in Zhao mine is selected as the engineering background and a mathematical model is established. The displacement variation, stress and strain of overlying strata and coal seams are simulated by using ANSYS software. In the mining process, the movement characteristics, displacement variation laws and fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth along inclination direction are discussed. Simulation results show that with the advance of working face, the fracture development of overlying strata and coal seams is larger and larger; the area of gob is gradually expanding and the transverse stress of overlying strata and coal seams is also expanding. Stress contour of overlying strata and coal seams at both ends of gob becomes denser and denser; the activity of the overlying strata and coal seams near the up-roadway side of the gob is violent. The pressure relief zone is formed in the upper part of the strata and the roof above the gob. Large inclination angle of coal seam results in larger supporting pressure in the underside of the gob and smaller supporting pressure in the upper side of the gob. Along the inclination direction of the working face, the pressure relief zone is mainly concentrated in the outlet roadway of the working face; the fracture development and strata separation are obvious, which offer good passage for gas flow and migration.     

Water inrush and environmental impact of shallow seam mining

Shallow seam mining is very common in China for enhancing coal recovery. However, this may cause a series of severe problems in environment and mining safety in some cases, because the alluvium aquifers are directly above the shallow coal seams. Some typical water and sand inrush incidents resulting from shallow mining in China are analyzed. Based on in-situ observation, the mining-induced strata failures are investigated. The height of the fractured zone decreases as the size of the outcrop pillar or mining depth decreases. The spatial distributions of the failure zones in the shallow mining have specific features compared to the deep mining. These provide an advantageous condition for the shallow mining under alluvial aquifers. Optimal designs for outcrop pillar sizes are also given in different hydrogeological conditions for environment friendly and production-safe mining at shallow depths. According to in-situ mining experiments in several coalfields, technical measures for shallow mining are presented. These primarily include the lift mining for thick seams and reduction of the thickness of extraction in the first lift, short-wall mining, and detection of faults and other potential hazards prior to mining.     

Fluid permeability of sedimentary rocks in a complete stress–strain process

The permeability of sedimentary rocks during triaxial compression tests was investigated to relate it to the complete strain–stress process. It was found that the permeability was not constant, but varied with the stress and strain states in the rocks. Prior to the peak strength, the permeability decreases with increasing load. A dramatic increase in permeability occurs during the strain softening period. In the present study, in situ measurements of fluid flow and pressure in floor strata was carried out in a double longwall mining face in the Yangzhuang colliery. These measurements show that both the strata pressure and the position with respect to the mining face influence the hydrogeologic properties. The permeability increased in the floor strata behind the mining face because those mining induced fractures opened as the strata pressure decreased. To better understand this change in hydraulic behavior around the mining faces, 3-D numerical modeling was carried out. The model provides the general picture of the stress distribution and failure zone both in the floor and roof strata. The field and model results demonstrate the importance of changes in the stress and strain states on the hydrogeology of a site.     

地裂缝活动对土体应力与变形影响的试验研究

通过进行西安典型地层环境下地裂缝活动的大型模型试验,研究了隐伏地裂缝活动引起附近土体应力与变形的规律。试验表明,地裂缝活动在上盘土体中产生负的附加应力,引起土体应力降低,而在下盘土体中产生正的附加应力,引起土体应力增强,且距离地裂缝越远由地裂缝活动引起的附加应力越小。地裂缝活动导致其两侧土体发生台阶状位移突变现象,随着地层由深至浅,土体变形范围明显增大,且影响区范围上盘大于下盘。地裂缝活动引起附近土体应力的分布在空间上大致分为4个区域即下盘原始应力区、应力增强区、应力降低区和上盘原始应力区,其中应力降低区范围约为应力增强区的1.5～2倍。同时,地裂缝附近土体沉降变形也可分为3个带,即下盘稳定带、差异沉降过渡带和上盘稳定带,其中上盘差异沉降带范围约为下盘沉降差异带的2倍。