煤矿区卸压瓦斯地面井破坏机理研究

卸压瓦斯地面井抽采是矿区瓦斯治理的新方向,但受煤层采动影响,在工作面推过地面井一定位置后井孔迅速发生破坏,制约了其发展与应用推广。以淮南矿区抽采井变形破坏工程调查为基础,从工程地质学和采动岩体力学出发,探讨了矿区地质条件和煤层采动背景与抽采井变形破坏的关系。认为变形和错断是井身结构破坏的主要形式,该区地面卸压抽采井采动变形破坏具有时间快速性、空间集中性、破坏层位的层控性和破坏位置的岩性特殊性等四大特点。研究表明:卸压瓦斯抽采钻井的变形错断是在采动条件下,关键层诱导覆岩周期断裂致使覆岩移动,松散层中的特殊岩性层位或基岩段岩层的弯曲或断裂诱发的水平剪切破坏与岩层弯曲下沉引发垂向拉压综合作用的结果,并以前一种为主,而非单一剪断或拉断模式。另外,结合相似模拟实验结果分析,研究了开采条件下不同位置不同岩性地层的位移情况,证实了研究结论与观点,揭示了卸压瓦斯地面井井孔变形破坏机理。     

废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采关键技术及应用

煤矿区地面瓦斯废弃井改造再利用,可进行采动区瓦斯抽采,具有保障回采工作安全生产,瓦斯资源有效利用,减少瓦斯逸散对环境压力等经济环保多重效益。针对这一目的,结合采动区地面井和废弃井的特点,提出废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采技术思路。通过分析试验工作面开采工艺、覆岩结构及废弃井的基本情况等条件,研究并提出了废弃井优选及判识、地面井改造工艺、防护装置安设、抽采系统布置及抽采控制技术等,改进了废弃井改造射孔造缝段长度确定方法。研发了基于油套环空动态调节、组合套管双重防护及筛管分级优化的安全防护方法,形成了废弃井“一井多用”地面井瓦斯抽采技术。选取晋城矿区岳城煤矿作为试验对象,完成了3口废弃井(井号为YC-50、YC-52、YC-54)再利用改造试验,其地面井瓦斯抽采量累计分别为257.88万、172.50万、129.60万m3。YC-50井改造运行后,地面井抽采范围内工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数最大值从0.77%降至0.40%,降幅48.05%;YC-52井改造运行后,采煤工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数降幅为52.38%,有效保障了回采工作面安全生产,实现了废弃井“一井多用”目标,取得了良好的经济与社会效益...     

晋城岳城矿地面采动区井井位优选与抽采寿命研究

为了降低晋城岳城矿工作面U型通风造成的上隅角瓦斯聚集,提高采动与采空区煤层气地面井抽采井产量及抽采寿命,在借鉴成庄矿、寺河矿和赵庄矿等地面采动试验井研究及工程示范的基础上,以晋城岳城矿煤层气地质条件为工程设计依据,提出并优化地面采动区井位尽量靠近巷道位置处、大井眼地面钻井工艺、优化井身结构等设计方案。现场试验证明:部分采动区井通过避开采动应力卸载区及原位煤层高应力区优化布井,开采中包含3个阶段即卸压区抽采、新采空区抽采、老采空区抽采,达到了延长抽采井寿命的目的;但仍有部分采动区井在回采工作面推过井口后,煤气层抽采量迅速衰减至不产气,抽采寿命只包含两个阶段即卸压区抽采、新采空区抽采甚至仅卸压区抽采一个阶段。研究表明,优化后的大井眼钻井工艺及三开割缝套管井身结构设计对保持采动区井井身稳定,延长抽采寿命,保证采动区井产气运移通道畅通,提高抽采率起到了一定效果;采动区井煤气层抽采量和该井井筒位置至回风巷距离存在明显的负相关关系。岳城矿采动、采空区井基本不存在速敏效应,在井筒与裂隙带沟通良好的前提下,应选用大功率抽采设备抽采,可以有效扩展压降漏斗区域,其抽采影响半径水平方向可延伸至500 m以上。岳城矿地面采动区抽采取得了较好的效果,可在相似条件的煤矿区推广应用。      

新集一矿地面抽采瓦斯钻井成井技术

地面钻井抽采工作面上覆采动区的煤层瓦斯,能很好地解决低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽采难题,但因钻井的成井率低,严重限制了该技术的推广应用。通过对钻井布置、钻井结构、钻井采气及井底层位、钻井施工技术与管理等影响成井的关键因素的研究,并将地面抽采瓦斯钻井成井技术在新集一矿进行实际应用,发现施工的12个地面抽采瓦斯钻井百分之百成井,为地面钻井法抽采瓦斯的成功应用提供了参考。      

淮南矿区保护层开采卸压范围及瓦斯抽采地面井部署

以保护层卸压开采和卸压瓦斯地面井抽采工程实践取得的大量资料为基础,结合采区上覆岩层变形变位检测和煤岩层力学性质实验室测试结果,总结了煤与煤层气开采地质条件,讨论了确定保护层开采有效卸压范围的方法,得到了淮南矿区保护层开采有效卸压范围的结果,分析了其对卸压瓦斯地面井部署的影响,提出了淮南矿区卸压瓦斯地面井部署的建议。研究结果表明:淮南矿区11-2保护层的最大有效保护距离为117 m,11-2保护层的开采对13-1被保护层的保护是有效的;走向有效卸压保护角为64°,倾向有效卸压保护角下方为77°、上方为83°,被保护层的卸压范围相对于保护层下部内错15.4 m,上部内错8.2 m;地面井应部署在走向上距始采线37 m外,倾向上靠近回风巷13～30 m之间的位置。研究结果对实现煤层气高效、持续、稳定的抽采和煤与煤层气共采意义重大。      

高瓦斯特厚煤层下分层千米钻孔瓦斯抽采技术

针对高瓦斯特厚煤层开采上分层时工作面瓦斯频繁超限的问题,依据上分层开采时,下分层在采动应力作用下的破坏程度及卸压瓦斯运移规律,以亭南煤矿205工作面为试验背景,对下分层千米钻孔瓦斯抽采进行研究。采用理论计算和FLAC3D数值模拟,确定下分层塑性破坏最大深度约为13 m,千米定向钻孔布置的最佳区域在工作面底板以下6~9 m。通过对不同位置千米钻孔在工作面推进过程中的瓦斯抽采量进行现场监测,结果表明,6~9 m的千米钻孔抽采效果最为明显,钻场瓦斯抽采量随工作面推进成指数上升,最终增长到68%左右。千米钻孔瓦斯抽采技术实现了对高瓦斯特厚煤层下分层卸压瓦斯长时间、高浓度抽采。      

采动诱导应力集中对顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采影响的试验研究

利用自主研发的多场耦合煤层气开采物理模拟试验系统,开展受采动影响导致工作面前方不同应力分布条件下的顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采物理模拟试验,对抽采过程中卸压区、应力集中区和原始应力区的煤层瓦斯压力、钻孔抽采流量、应力敏感系数和无因次渗透率等参数演化规律进行分析。试验结果表明,(1)在瓦斯抽采过程中钻孔周围瓦斯压力下降速率先快后慢,越靠近钻孔的瓦斯压力等压线越为密集,瓦斯流速越大,钻孔周围瓦斯压力梯度先增大后减小;(2)随着采动应力集中系数增大,煤层渗透率降低,瓦斯抽采流量减小,其中采动应力水平最大的应力集中1区瓦斯抽采流量最小,而应力水平最小的卸压区抽采流量最大;(3)应力集中区的应力敏感系数高于卸压区和原始应力区,而该区域无因次渗透率下降速率最慢。     

确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔合理层位的试验

卸压瓦斯抽采技术的关键在于根据采动裂隙场分布规律合理布置瓦斯抽采孔。针对富含水厚煤层大采高工作面快速推进,依据采动裂隙时空演化特征与瓦斯运移规律,在亭南煤矿实施了确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔合理层位的工业试验。通过对不同层位钻孔抽采浓度统计分析,卸压抽采钻孔终孔布置在裂隙带离层区抽采效果最好,从而确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔的合理层位。      

深部采动覆岩移动变形致灾的试验分析

针对深部开采条件下覆岩移动变形引起的安全问题,采用理论分析、相似材料模拟试验结合的方法,通过监测相似材料模拟深部煤炭开采过程中覆岩位移、应力变化情况及覆岩的断裂破坏、弯曲和移动变形的过程,对比分析了采场覆岩体的移动变形、应力场演化过程和采动应力的影响区域.试验结果表明:在深部倾斜煤层开采过程中,沿着采煤工作面形成了应力升高区、应力降低区和原岩应力区;对孤岛工作面进行开采时,新旧采空区容易因上覆岩层的垮落塌陷连通成整体,极易发生矿井动力灾害;布置孤岛工作面的巷道位置时建议考虑布置在采空区的应力降低区内,并且煤柱宽度不应大于10 ～ 12m,最佳选择为6～8m.     

芦岭煤矿卸压区瓦斯综合抽采试验及分析

煤炭开采造成煤储层卸压,煤储层参数将发生巨大变化,并对瓦斯储存和运移产生极大影响。分析了淮北芦岭煤矿卸压区地面垂直井煤层气抽采试验,研究了卸压区地面和井下瓦斯综合抽采技术及方法。结果显示,在低透气性煤层卸压区进行地面和井下瓦斯综合抽采,不仅有利于煤矿安全生产,而且可大大提高瓦斯采收率及其开发的经济效益。      

煤矿采空区煤层气地面开发技术及工程应用

煤炭采出后,采空区中仍蕴藏着丰富的煤层气资源,其资源评价与开发利用具有环保和资源双重意义。近几年来,在山西晋城、西山和阳泉等矿区开展了地面钻井抽采采空区煤层气的积极探索,但在采空区煤层气地面开发过程中,往往因煤矿采空区积水、上覆岩层承压涌水等原因,导致地面钻井不产气或抽采气量低。以山西晋城岳城矿为例,研究不同采煤工艺下的采空区煤层气赋存特征、采空区积水和采空区裂隙带岩层渗透率对采空区煤层气地面开发的影响,提出采空区井布置原则和抽采技术,为解决三开空气钻进过程中岩粉进入裂隙带堵塞采空区煤层气运移通道问题,探索用水力冲孔方法提高采空区裂隙带岩层渗透率方面的应用。研究表明,煤矿采空区井布井原则:(1) 采空区井应布置在采空区积水区域之外;(2) 针对房柱式采煤形成的采空区空间形态,采空区井应避开保护煤柱最终完钻至采空区空间内;针对长臂式垮落法采煤形成的采空区空间形态,采空区井最优钻井区域为“O”形圈边界连线和采场边界之间靠近终采线一侧。研发了一种煤矿采空区井排水采气一体化抽采系统,该抽采系统实现了采空区井底积水抽排和煤层气抽采同步进行,解决了采空区上覆岩层承压涌水造成煤层气产量下降问题,抽采系统优化前后采空区井煤层气抽采量增加33.3%。探索性地将水力冲孔运用于解决钻井岩屑造成的采空区裂隙带岩层渗透率下降问题,工程试验结果表明,水力冲孔改造前后采空区井日均抽采量最高增长率为11.30%,提出了采用泡沫欠平衡钻井技术解决钻井岩粉侵入采空区裂隙带的建议。      

Numerical simulation on tendency mining fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth

In order to master the tendency mining-fracture-evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth in mining process, the 1221 working face in Zhao mine is selected as the engineering background and a mathematical model is established. The displacement variation, stress and strain of overlying strata and coal seams are simulated by using ANSYS software. In the mining process, the movement characteristics, displacement variation laws and fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth along inclination direction are discussed. Simulation results show that with the advance of working face, the fracture development of overlying strata and coal seams is larger and larger; the area of gob is gradually expanding and the transverse stress of overlying strata and coal seams is also expanding. Stress contour of overlying strata and coal seams at both ends of gob becomes denser and denser; the activity of the overlying strata and coal seams near the up-roadway side of the gob is violent. The pressure relief zone is formed in the upper part of the strata and the roof above the gob. Large inclination angle of coal seam results in larger supporting pressure in the underside of the gob and smaller supporting pressure in the upper side of the gob. Along the inclination direction of the working face, the pressure relief zone is mainly concentrated in the outlet roadway of the working face; the fracture development and strata separation are obvious, which offer good passage for gas flow and migration.     

Research on mining-induced deformation and stress,insights from physical modeling and theoretical analysis

The dynamic change of mining-induced stress is the main reason for large deformation of surrounding rock. To investigate the influence of mining-induced stress and deformation is important for appropriate supportive design. It also helps to raise the safety and productivity of longwall mining operations. In this paper, Weijiagou Coal Mine in Southwest China was selected as the case study. In order to research on the deformation and breakage of overlying strata, physical modeling test was carried out on the self-developed rotatable physical similar test system. By using digital image correlation (DIC) technique, the deformation of strata and development of cracks in the process of coal seam excavation were acquired, meanwhile, mining-induced stress was also monitored by pressure cell and strainmeter. According to the mechanical structure of stope, the height of the destressed zone has a significant influence on stress distribution. In order to minimize the discrepancy between the physical model test and theoretical analysis, the dimension of the plastic zone of roadway was added into the mining panel width, and the gap between the experimental and theoretical results reduced.     

Emission reduction technology and application research of surface borehole methane drainage in coal mining-influenced region

Windblown methane is an important gas resulting in atmospheric greenhouse effect. Therefore, reduction in windblown methane is one of the important measures to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse effect. In China, weak coal seam of low permeability is common in coal mines, so it is beset with difficulties to decrease the methane emission rate by means of gas drainage from the virgin coal seam, further to decrease the windblown mine gas. Utilizing the pressure relief and permeability and fluidity improvement effect in coal mining an approach to release methane emission through surface borehole was established, for example establishing a comprehensive deformation fracture model of surface borehole in extraction area based on quantitative rule of overlying rock movement in pit and forming a technology to select the surface borehole arrangement site in extraction area on the basis of deformation of bore frame structure and distribution characteristics of extraction flow field. And optimization technology of shape and structure of surface borehole in extraction area on the basis of ultimate stress analysis of surface borehole casing was given. The technology overcomes effectively the problem that surface borehole casing is vulnerable to premature fracture due to impact of strata movement on the surface borehole, and further increases the drainage result of the surface borehole. The technology has been test in China Shanxi Jincheng Sihe Coal Mine, achieving good results, including 12,000 Nm³/d pure methane drainage rate from single borehole, 85% methane concentration and 1.1 million Nm³ accumulative methane drainage, which demonstrate practicability and advanced performance of the technology.     

采动区远程卸压煤层气抽采地面井产能影响因素

以淮南矿区远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采工程实践为依托,通过工程试验和系统分析,探讨了远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能特点及其影响因素。研究结果表明,远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能曲线可分为两个阶段,在较短时间内顺利完成第Ⅰ阶段的井才能有较高产能。研究还显示,煤层气地面井产能受地层结构和采动影响较大。在研究区,当地层结构为松散层厚度<406 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值>0.74,下保护层与被保护层间距为6670 m,且平均采高≤2.2 m,平均产煤低于3 898 t/d时,利于远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采;当松散层厚度>430 m,11-2煤和13-1煤层间距>74 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值<0.7时,卸压煤层气地面直井成功率较低,此时,可通过改变井位和优化井身结构来适应地层结构的变化,提高地面井抽采成功率。      

采动覆岩变形分布式光纤物理模型试验研究

采动覆岩变形破坏对开采巷道的安全构成威胁,同时易造成地面塌陷,对地面构筑物的安全和地质环境产生影响。因此,对煤层采动覆岩变形进行监控,具有重要的现实意义。论文针对煤层采动覆岩变形破坏的一般规律,利用分布式光纤感测技术,开展了采动覆岩变形物理模型试验研究。采用将感测光缆竖直植入物理模型内部的布设方法,获得了煤层采动过程中覆岩变形分布式监测结果。将光纤测试结果与常规近景摄影结果进行对比,结果基本吻合;同时,揭示了采动覆岩变形破坏规律和覆岩离层的演化过程。利用经验公式计算得出"导高"均值约为30.6cm,这与光纤监测数据分析估算得到的30cm基本一致。试验结果表明:将分布式光纤感测技术引入采动覆岩破坏模型试验是可行且准确的,为以后的相关研究提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

采场覆岩裂隙发育及高位钻孔优化设计——以祁南煤矿34_下2工作面为例

为了有效地提高高位钻孔的瓦斯抽采效果,采用数值模拟方法分析了祁南矿34下2工作面开采过程中覆岩的裂隙发育规律和离层率变化规律。判定了煤层上覆岩层冒落带和裂隙带分布范围;确定了钻孔法距参数的最佳范围为距32煤层顶板12~22 m的岩层区域。研究成果可为其他工作面高位钻孔的优化设计提供参考。     

近距离上保护层开采瓦斯运移规律数值分析

采动裂隙是瓦斯运移的通道,搞清瓦斯运移规律是瓦斯治理的前提。在考虑岩石动态破坏过程和含瓦斯煤岩渗流-应力-损伤耦合的基础上,结合平煤五矿实际地质条件和开采工艺,建立了数值计算模型,应用RFPA-Gas程序模拟了近距离上保护层采动顶底板岩层变形破坏、裂隙演化规律与瓦斯运移规律。模拟结果较好地再现了保护层开采过程中煤岩层应力变化、顶底板损伤及裂隙演化过程,得到了上覆岩层移动的“上三带”（冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲下沉带）和底板变形的“下两带”（底板变形破坏带和弹塑性变形带）。得到了被保护层瓦斯流量分布、瓦斯压力分布和透气系数的变化规律,卸压煤层瓦斯透气性增大了2 500倍,得到了煤壁下方压缩区和膨胀区之间的张剪瓦斯渗流通道,并将保护层底板压缩区和膨胀区的瓦斯渗流特征提炼出来：压缩区对应的是渗流减速减量区、膨胀区由卸压膨胀陡变区和卸压膨胀平稳区组成,分别对应着渗流急剧增速增量区和渗流平稳增量区。指出卸压膨胀陡变区是瓦斯突出危险区,为近距离保护层开采瓦斯治理指明了方向。实践表明,瓦斯治理效果显著。     

A physical and numerical model-based research on the subsidence features of overlying strata caused by coal mining in Henan,China

The major environmental consequence of coal mining is anthropogenic land subsidence. In particular, mine subsidence can cause damage to public and private infrastructure such as railroads, roads, pipelines and buildings. What is more, it is an engineering problem which troubles engineering construction and safety. Ground surface deformation is related to the measure of mining and the deformation mechanism of overlying strata above the gob. In this paper, a physical and numerical model on the subsidence of longwall mining within a geotechnical setting is presented. The physical model is developed within the framework of physical similar law and geological model in Henan Province, China. The numerical solution is developed within continuum poromechanics and finite element setting. The law of overlying strata deformation is obtained according to physical model experiment and numerical simulation.