完全混合系统总磷随机模型研究

在Vollenweider模型的基础上,建立一个完全混合系统的总磷浓度的随机微分方程模型。该模型将总磷浓度的变化过程当做一个随机过程,在获得初始条件的随机特性后可以得到模型的数值解和解析解,从而得到总磷浓度的一阶矩均值和二阶矩方差。模型被应用于隔河岩水库的总磷浓度的模拟,与实测资料吻合良好。     

太湖流域营养盐沉积200年的历史模拟研究

介绍边界条件设置为工业时代以前太湖流域处于自然农耕状况下,对太湖的总氮和总磷沉积反演200年的数值模拟研究。模拟反映了自然状况占1990s湖泊富营养化观测资料的湖区总氮约7%,占总磷约12%。模拟总氮和总磷浓度与太湖沉积钻孔沉积样推算的水体含量的数量级和变化范围相当,太湖流域的营养盐空间来源模拟也能够与流域自然地理变化吻合,表明模拟能够捕捉到流域营养盐历史变化特征,对湖泊营养物质来源、沉积和空间分布的流域环境历史变化响应具有良好模拟能力。      

长江中下游典型湖泊近代环境变化研究

选择长江中下游的典型湖泊洪湖、巢湖、石臼湖和太湖,采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、总磷,并采用210Pb和137Cs定年以研究湖泊近代环境演变。根据洪湖137Cs蓄积峰得到过去50 a里洪湖沉积速率经历了一个由慢到快再变慢的过程,1963~1986年之间沉积速率最大,达0.174 cm/a,这可能是因为当时湖区大规模开垦有关。巢湖钻孔核素的研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,可能与流域内水土流失逐步加重有关。对营养盐的分析表明,洪湖50年代以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖70年代以来营养元素开始增加,在太湖中体现为80年代,石臼湖中则为近百年来营养元素开始快速增加。从营养盐增加的幅度来看,草型湖的洪湖、石臼湖要大于藻型的巢湖以及太湖藻型区域。本文尝试利用总有机碳、总磷获取了湖泊环境变化的速率。研究表明总有机碳和总磷的变化速率存在波动性,这可能与湖泊的自我调节有关。而总有机碳的变化速率在最近时间阶段内基本呈正值,对于洪湖来说在80年代初,石臼湖在1970年左右,太湖在80年代初,巢湖在60年代。总有机碳、总磷变化速率的振荡幅度与周期也许对理解当今湖泊处于何种位置,由此采取何种湖泊管理手段提供重要认识。     

长江中下游不同类型湖泊沉积物营养盐 蓄积变化过程及其原因分析*

在长江中下游的洪湖、太湖、巢湖采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、磷,并采用²¹⁰ Pb和¹³⁷ Cs定年。洪湖1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖在20世纪70年代以来营养元素开始增加,而在太湖中则为80年代。结果表明草型湖中有机质增加比藻型湖迅速,洪湖湖泊沉积物有机质迅速增加与围垦活动开始时间一致。沉积物中总磷的变化不如总有机碳、总氮的变化规律性明显。洪湖两钻孔总磷背景值为0.7~0.8g/kg,太湖钻孔其总磷本底为0.6g/kg,梅梁湾大量钻孔表明总磷本底在0.5g/kg;巢湖的则更低。对比湖泊类型来看,目前为藻型湖的沉积本底磷偏低,而目前为草型湖的沉积本底磷偏高,这可能与不同生态类型湖泊营养元素的生物地球化学循环与积累的方式有关。     

湖水-沉积物界面内源物质交换动态复水模拟研究

分布式采集了玄武湖底长期暴露的底泥,分析了底泥营养物的分层分布及其理化特性对湖泊水质的影响强度。通过动态换水试验,研究了复水过程中暴露底泥营养盐的释放过程和上覆水总磷、总氮浓度变化对水土界面物质交换的作用关系以及对水体富营养化程度的影响机制。实验及模拟表明:由于湖泥表层长期暴露,有机及结合态营养盐降解为无机态营养盐,即使复水过程中使用清水,但由于干涸湖床沉积物总磷T-P、总氮T-N的垂直分布,也将严重导致内源营养盐释放总量持续增加,在相对长时间内,上覆水总磷浓度仍维持在较高(01mg/L)水平。研究成果为实施生态修复,治理复水后湖体富营养化提供了理论和实验依据。     

湖泊沉积

湖泊沉积学是湖泊学和沉积学的交叉学科,本世纪80年代以来,随着全球科学和环境科学的迅速发展,研究湖泊沉积的意义和蕴含的潜力不断地得到认识和开拓,湖泊沉积学已逐渐成为国内外地球科学家共同瞩目的新领域之一。 首先,湖泊是陆地水圈的组成部分,与大气圈、生物圈和岩石圈有着不可分割的联系,是各圈层相互作用的连接点。另外,湖泊又是一个相对的独立体系,经历了较长的地质历史,加上湖泊本身的规模一般较小,对流域的气候环境的波动十分敏感,造成湖泊的扩散或收缩、湖水的     

云贵高原湖泊沉积物——水界面铁,锰,硫体系的研究进展

通过对云贵高原湖泊沉积物－水界面铁,锰,硫体系的研究,揭示了湖泊铁,锰循环受氧化还原边界层、沉积物－水界面等多重界面的控制;湖水中硫酸盐的浓度制约着其扩散的物理过程,进而影响着硫酸盐还原作用,硫酸盐还原对铁、锰循环产生亚扩散层屏蔽效应,铁,锰的季节性污染等提供了科学依据。     

滇池湖泊磷负荷及其对水环境的影响

磷是滇池湖泊富营养化的限制性营养元素。滇池湖泊磷负荷来源一般可分为外环境发生源输入的磷负荷和内环境发生源输出的磷负荷两大类。累积在滇池湖泊内的磷,主要分布在水体与底部沉积物中,滇池湖泊水体中总磷浓度由北向南含量降低,底部沉积物中P2O5含量分布由北向南呈递增趋势。底部0-3m的沉积物P2O5含量由上至下呈明显递减趋势,表明滇池湖泊磷负荷逐年加重。近几年资料显示滇池湖泊单位面积磷负荷达1.52g/m2·a,超过总磷公认允许负荷量中危险值的11.7倍,滇池已成为富营养型湖泊。控制滇池富营养化,在解决入湖磷外负荷的同时,对湖泊底部沉积物中磷内负荷也应予以高度重视。     

中国东部浅水湖泊参照状态确定的非参数方法

根据中国东部浅水湖泊受人类活动影响较严重的情况,将季节分解的非参数局部线性回归模型、频率分析和几何分块自助法有机结合,提出了一种基于非参数方法的湖泊参照状态确定的新方法。该方法首先将季节分解模型用于湖泊营养盐及其响应物的观测值,选取出适合用于推断参照状态的时间段;其次使用频率分析法分析此时间段内的观测值,并给出湖泊总氮、总磷和叶绿素a的参照状态值;最后用几何分块自助法给出各自的置信区间。该方法能有效克服前人提出方法的缺点。以太湖为例,采用该方法推断了参照状态浓度,总氮为0.78mg/L,总磷为0.030mg/L,叶绿素a为2.63μg/L;给出相应的95%置信区间分别为0.57~0.83mg/L、0.025~0.046mg/L和1.86~2.65μg/L。该方法也可适用受人类活动影响较大的中国东部其他浅水湖泊。     

￣（137）Cs及￣（210）Pb＿（ex）方法湖泊沉积计年研究新进展

￣（１３７）Ｃ及￣（２１０）Ｐｂ＿（ｅｘ）方法广泛应用于湖泊现代沉积计年。不扰动沉积物柱心的采样和高精度的分样装置是获取准确计年结果的前提。沉积物剖面中１９７５年层节￣（１３７）Ｃｓ次级峰值可作为辅助计年时标；沉积物中绝大部分￣（１３７）Ｃｓ处于稳定态保证了￣（１３７）Ｃｓ计年时标的可靠性。季节性滞水带缺氧湖泊中￣（２１０）Ｐｂ沉积后再迁移可能导致￣（２１０）Ｐｂ＿（ｅｘ）计年结果偏低。沉积物早期成岩过程中，铅化学相的转移提供了铅扩散迁移的地球化学条件；Ｐｂ－Ｐｏ的扩散机理分别受Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ循环控制。     

水动力作用下太湖底泥起动规律研究

在环形水槽内模拟了太湖底泥的起动规律,分析了太湖底泥运动的不同状态,以及上覆水中总磷(TP)浓度随流速的变化关系,实验得出的太湖底泥在3种起动标准下对应的起动流速分别为35、45和60cm/s,并观察到上覆水中TP浓度在3种不同起动流速处出现了较大的跳跃;然后利用泥沙起动的理论模型计算了太湖底泥在3种不同起动标准(个别动、少量动、普遍动)下的起动流速和起动切应力,其值分别为37.9、46.7、59.8cm/s和0.428、0.636、1.042N/m2。两种方法得到的起动流速值比较接近,基本上反映了太湖底泥起动的实际状况。     

Groundwater inflow and associated transport of phosphorus to a hypereutrophic lake

Hydrogeochemical data from lake, sediment pore, and well waters were used to quantify groundwater seepage and the associated transport of phosphorus to Lake Persimmon, Florida, USA. The data show that lake chloride concentrations vary as a function of lake elevations that are controlled by groundwater inflow. A whole-lake average seepage rate, estimated using a simple one dimensional advection-diffusion model fitted to the lake chloride profile, currently averages 2.3 ± 0.3 cm yr^-1 and is in reasonable agreement with the rate of advective flow obtained from the pore water chloride profile. The ratios of nutrient regeneration versus sulfate consumption indicate that the phosphorus enrichment in deeper portions of sediment pore water is most likely a result of groundwater phosphorus transport through sediment. Thus, the net inputs of groundwater phosphorus to the lake, calculated using the deep pore water phosphorus concentration, are about 7.4 ± 4.3 mg P m^-2 yr^-1 and comparable with recent in situ estimates from seepage meters. This study provides a simple hydrogeochemical method for estimating hydrologic and phosphorus inputs via groundwater to the lake, thereby supporting current efforts for lake management.     

Spatial variations and distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in bottom sediments from a typical north-temperate lake,China

Concentrations and vertical distributions of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their different forms in sediments obtained from nine locations of Lake Dalinouer in September 2008 were analyzed. The results demonstrated that TP in surface sediments ranged from 0.493 to 0.904 g/kg, and inorganic phosphorus was the main fraction of total phosphorus, ranging from 335 to 738 mg/kg. Simultaneously, the autogenetic calcium phosphorus (ACa-P) was the main fraction of inorganic phosphorus, ranging from 145.4 to 543.2 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of different phosphorus forms in different sediment cores was distinguishing, and most of them tended to increase toward the surface sediment, indicated that the phosphorus concentration was related to the humanity with a certain extent. The relationships between TP and occluded phosphorus and ACa-P were significant. Nitrogen in the sediment was composed mainly of organic nitrogen, accounting for grater than 80 % of TN. NO₃ ^?-N was the dominate fraction of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediment, ranging between 51 and 346 mg/kg (151.1 ± 104.4 mg/kg), and accounting for between 2.2 and 17.7 % of total sediment nitrogen (6.2 ± 5.6 %). The ratio of organic carbon and TN in sediment was in range of 6.0–25.8 and presented a tendency of lake centre >lake sides, indicating that nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from lake sides came mainly from terrestrial source and nitrogen was mainly autogenetic in lake centre. Ratio of N:P in all sampling sites was below 14, indicated that N was the limiting nutrient for algal growth in this lake.     

强弱风浪扰动下太湖的营养盐垂向分布特征

在一次风速12m/s的强风浪过程中及在连续多天弱风浪之后,对太湖梅梁湾一浅水区营养盐、悬浮物等的垂向分布进行了观测和分析。结果表明,在水底沉积物约20cm的情况下,强风浪期间与弱风浪期间相比,湖水中悬浮物浓度提高了10倍,总磷浓度提高了3 6倍。而强风浪期间与弱风浪期间的水体溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度无显著差异。说明尽管强风浪过程引起沉积物大量悬浮,水体悬浮颗粒态营养盐显著增高,但是由于悬浮过程营养盐释放与沉降机制作用十分复杂,活性营养盐的浓度未必能提高。无论强风浪还是弱风浪期间,水体的表层至水土界面上50cm层的悬浮物浓度、营养盐浓度没有明显的分层现象,但明显低于水土界面上50cm内的悬浮物浓度和总磷浓度。无论是强风浪期间还是弱风浪期间,表层到底层水体SRP浓度无显著差异。     

浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

对太湖不同污染状况和生态系统状况的湖区沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及其分布进行了研究。结果发现,沉积物的理化性质和磷的化学形态一般都在表层下深5～15cm发生明显的转折;草型湖区、藻型湖区、开阔湖面的大湖区沉积物的理化性质、间隙水中的磷浓度及沉积物中磷的形态存在较大的差异。东太湖沉积物间隙水磷浓度和交换态磷含量都显著低于其他湖区;风浪扰动相对剧烈的开阔湖面湖区沉积物中磷的沉积规律也不同于梅梁湾藻型湖区和东太湖草型湖区。研究表明,浅水湖泊中水生生物状况、风浪扰动状况对沉积物中磷的地球化学行为有至关重要的影响。     

Phosphorus in suspended matter and sediments of a hypertrophic lake. A case study: Lake Dianchi,China

From June 2004 to December 2004, Lake Dianchi, which had large scale of cyanobacterial blooms was investigated in order to study P-fractionation in the suspended matter and the sediment. The investigation improves our understanding of phosphorus in Lake Dianchi and the relationship between phosphorus and cyanobacterial blooms. It contributes to the available literature on the behavior of P in hypertrophic lakes. The distribution of P-fractions in Lake Dianchi was not uniform from northwest to south, but was closely related to the trophic status of the whole lake. The concentrations of total phosphorus, labile P (NH₄Cl-P), Organic P (NaOH-NRP) and loss on ignition in suspended matter were positively correlated with the strength of cyanobacterial blooms. Total phosphorus in suspended matter was relatively stable for almost half an year and closely related to Chl. a concentration. The main content of organic phosphorus is in the cyanobacterial blooms. The concentrations of phosphorus bound to metal oxides and carbonates (NaOH-SRP and HCl-P) in sediment were similar to NaOH-SRP and HCl-P in the corresponding suspended matter. The latter two forms of P in suspended matter were not affected by cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that the inorganic phosphorus is derived from the sediment after resuspension from the sediment due to wind and wave action. The contribution of the different P-fractions to TP in sediment and in suspended matter indicates that NH₄Cl-P in the suspended matter is an important buffer for maintaining dissolved phosphorus in water.     

滇池现代沉积物中磷的地球化学及其对环境影响

湖泊沉积物中,磷是产生富营养化的重要元素.湖泊中磷元素含量、地球化学行为以及它的复杂矿物学特征,使人们对磷的研究极为重视.滇池湖中总磷超标10.3倍,底泥沉积物中P2O5平均含量0.52%,最高可达1.92%.滇池地处磷矿区,是磷质来源最丰富的湖泊,统计表明,磷含量每年在不断增长.滇池沉积物中磷主要以吸附态、有机态、铁结合态、钙结合态、铝结合态等几种形式存在.这些形态磷在底泥中是不稳定的,它们在环境改变条件下,又将磷释放到水体中.微生物在磷的循环过程中起了重要作用,乳酸菌对不溶性磷酸盐的分解,使湖泊中可溶磷含量增高.聚磷菌对磷元素的富集以及聚磷菌死亡后发生有机磷的矿化作用,是湖泊中水合磷酸盐矿物沉积的重要途径.当湖泊中这种不稳定的水合磷酸盐矿物在条件具备的情况下,经沉积物覆盖成岩作用后,最终形成磷灰石。     

The characteristic and environmental pollution records of phosphorus species in different trophic regions of Taihu Lake, China

Total organic carbon (TOC), Total nitrogen (TN) and the phosphorus species concentrations of sediment cores taken from Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, and East Taihu Lake regions in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in China, were determined. Experimental results showed a conspicuous eutrophication trend in the northern area of Taihu Lake. Inorganic P was found to be the main phosphorus form. Fe-bound P accounted for the largest proportion of Inorganic P in Meiliang Bay, an alga-type lake region. In East Taihu Lake, a macrophytic lake region, Ca-bound P was found in higher proportions than in other lake regions, with Organic P present in similarly large proportions. With respect to Taihu Lake sediment cores, the date at approximately 20 cm layer depth was roughly identified as 1950s, while upper 5 cm layers corresponded to the turn of the century. The drastic increase in phosphorus species concentration except for Ca-bound P was indicative of the large quantities of effluent discharge into Zhushan Bay owing to the increased industrial and agricultural production from the 1950s onwards. TN, Inorganic P, Organic P, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations increased by over 2, 2.5, 2 and 2.5-fold, respectively, over the past five decades. A large proportion of Organic P accounted for TP, and high C/N ratios indicated that East Taihu Lake can be properly classified as an oligotrophic lake.     

黄河干流潼关断面非点源污染负荷估算

基于平均浓度法原理,根据黄河中游降雨径流特点,将年内过程分为汛期和非汛期两个阶段,同时将高含沙水流中的污染负荷分为水体中的溶解态污染负荷、泥沙吸附态负荷两部分,提出了多沙河流非点源污染负荷估算模型;根据黄河干流潼关断面1950-2006年实测水沙资料,结合水体、泥沙污染物浓度测定试验,分别计算了潼关断面2006年以及丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)3种不同代表年型下的非点源污染负荷.结果表明:黄河干流潼关断面年污染负荷以汛期为主,汛期污染负荷以非点源为主;非点源污染负荷中,硝酸盐氮、氨氮以溶解态为主,总磷以吸附态为主;潼关断面非点源污染负荷占全年负荷比例:丰水年时,硝酸盐氮占63.09%,氨氮占61.32%,总氮占87.17%、总磷占89.83%;枯水年时,硝酸盐氮占26.92%,氨氮占24.62%,总氮占67.60%、总磷占71.73%.2006年,硝酸盐氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷非点源污染负荷占全年比例依次为:17%、14%、15%和41%.     

悬浮泥沙对藻类生长影响的实测与分析

通过对长江下游镇扬段的牛轭湖—内江的泥沙、水质、光强、藻类等进行现场监测和数据分析,探讨了内江悬浮泥沙对水下光强的衰减规律以及对藻类生长的影响。结果表明:内江水体中存在80%以上的粒径小于75μm的微细悬浮颗粒,其中不易沉降的粘土颗粒占到20%～50%左右,枯水期平均含量为40 mg/L,丰水期平均含量为70 mg/L,而藻细胞生物总量基本都在100万个/L以内,其中绿藻、硅藻为优势种。数据分析表明:泥沙对水下光强的衰减遵循指数函数衰减规律,光衰减系数与泥沙含量呈较好的线性相关性,内江的优势种绿藻、硅藻的生物量与泥沙含量呈显著的指数相关。认为,泥沙通过衰减光强间接地抑制藻类繁殖,这一抑制作用可以由泥沙含量和藻细胞密度之间的关系进行定量。